procumbens

Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J. L. Gentry

Arizona, USA to Ecuador

revised Aug 2023

Link to Jaltomata homepage

The information on this page may be cited as a communication with
professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050-4010 USA

Floral Biology	Link to Jaltomata of Colombia & Venezuela
Link to Jaltomata of Arizona, Mexico and Central America	Link to Jaltomata of Ecuador
Link to Jaltomata of Costa Rica	Link to reported medicinal uses Link to chromosome counts


Figure 1. The left flower of this inflorescence is pistillate (anthers undehsiced) while the right flower is hermaphroditic. Units are mm. Accession 401 from Chiapas, Mexico, grown and photographed by T. Mione in Connecticut.	Figure 2. Some fruits of this infructescence are ripe and others are still green. Accession 401 grown and photographed by T. Mione in Connecticut.

Figure 3. Whole plant showing branches and leaves. Ruler (12") horizontally on top of pot for scale. Accession 401 grown and photographed by T. Mione in Connecticut.	Figure 4. Back of flower showing calyx. Accession 401 grown and photographed by T. Mione in Connecticut.

Table 1.

Character	Description	Figures
Root	"tuberous root" (Kearney & Peebles 14438, Arizona, USA); "rootstocks are large" (Davis 1130, Chihuahua, Mexico); "rootstock" (Bye 9889, Chihuahua, Mexico); "vertical swollen roots" (Bye10033, Chihuahua, Mexico); "tuberous root" (Gentry et al. 20250). Roots arising adventitiously from stem where stem contacts ground for an extended period of time (cultivated in CT, Mione 593)
Habit & Height	herbaceous, to 1.8 m high; erect to procumbent, an otherwise erect plant can produce procumbent branches if, while the plant is young, the primary branch is broken or consumed by herbivores
Branches, young	squareish in cross section, green
older	5-sided or angled or with 5 raised longitudinal ridges, green to purple
Leaves, arrangement, size	alternate, membranous, to 11 cm wide X 21 cm long including petiole
shape	ovate, entire to toothed
hairs	glabrous to unaided eye to pubescent, the finger hairs non-gland-tipped
petiole	to 4.5 cm; winged, the wing tapering to the base
Inflorescence	umbellate, axillary, to 18 flowers per inflorescence (Table 2)
peduncle	usually having raised longitudinal ridges, to 85 mm long, rarely absent, green to purplish-green, sparsely to densely pubescent with whitish finger hairs (Table 4)
pedicel	usually having raised longitudinal ridges, to 30 mm, green, sparsely to densely pubescent with whitish finger hairs (Table 4)
Calyx at flowering	sepals partly fused, stellate in outline, 9 - 13 mm diam, completely green or green with purple on main veins on abaxial face, planar to reflexed
Calyx at fruit maturity	1.8 - 2.5 cm diam, green to purple, planar to reflexed and revealing the fruit in side view (Figure 2) or bowl-like over the fruit partially hiding the fruit in side view (Figure 17)	2, 18
Corolla, lobes/lobules	5 lobes, or 10-total lobes and lobules (alternating)(Table 12)
shape and size	stellate (figure 1), expanding with the elongation of the filaments on the flower's 2nd morning (Figure 16, Table 12) and then 20 - 31 mm diam
color	pale-green, light green
hairs	adaxial face pilosulose the hairs gland- or droplet-tipped when fresh
radial corolla thickenings	no, only a subset of the red/orange fruited Jaltomata have this
Stamens, length including anther	equal, epipetalous at base of corolla, 4.5 to 7 mm long
filaments	straight; having expanded bases; angle (from proximal to distal) away from the style early in hermaphroditic phase (the filaments of accession 321 are connivent)
anther color	ovate, yellow when undehisced, brownish after dehiscence
anther size	1.6 to 2.8 mm long undehisced and fresh from garden (not pressed, not preserved in spirits)
anther mucronate / mucronulate?	no or yes, depending on the collection
insertion of filament into anther	the filament inserting on the lower ventral face	confirmed, Oct 2017, by dissecting fresh fls of 599
anthers of a flower open simultaneously?	usually
pollen quantity per flower	see Table 6, below
pollen grain size	see Table 5, below
corona	no
Gynoecium	glabrous except for stigma papillae
Stigma	capitate
Style	straight, slender, 2.5 - 6 mm long
Ovary	the disk around the base of the ovary orangish, yellowish or off-white
Ovules per ovary	66 - 204
Nectar	unpigmented, visible at base of corolla during both pistillate and hermphroditic phases (Table 7)
Herkogamy	yes, stigma is a few mm away from the anthers
Protogyny	yes
Fruit color at maturity, and fruit size	black or very dark purple, a few collections grown for study produce fruits that are green at maturity; to 14 X 17 mm, usually remaining attached to parent plant (not dropping at maturity)
Seeds per fruit	4 to 198
Seed Size, Shape	see Table 8, below; ovate to reniform	20
Chromosome number	all counts but one n = 12; one published count for which the voucher herbarium specimen has not been seen 2n = 48 (Mione 1992, page 142)
Growability in Connecticut, USA	easy for most accessions, difficult for some
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit?	39 days (accession 590, outdoors in Connecticut USA, manually pollinated 18 Aug, fruit dropped 26 Sept 2010)
Self-Compatible?	Yes (see table 10)
Seed Germination	see Table 11 (scroll way down). In Connecticut, USA, where I have grown outdoor plants of J. procumbens, seeds in fruits dropped to the ground in the fall have germinated during the following spring, becoming weeds in the garden where they were grown the year before.
Ratio of Pollen to Ovules	see table at http://web.ccsu.edu/faculty/mione/procumbens.Floral.Biology.html
Character	Description of Jaltomata procumbens	Figures on this web page

Vernacular Names: see Davis & Bye 1982, and follow this link.

Table 2. Number of Flowers Per Inflorescence including buds, Jaltomata procumbens grown in Connecticut, USA
collection		Flowers Per Inflorescence, Range	Altitude m	comments
R. Bye 10083 (Mione 506)	Mexico, Chihuahua	4 - 5	1,675	Data collected 9 to 27 September 1991 at Univ of Connecticut, 5 observations
R. Bye 10084 (Mione 350)	Mexico, Chihuahua	2 - 5	1,675
T. Davis 1130 (Mione 353)	Mexico, Chihuahua	3	2,251
E. Dean 260 (Mione 570)	Mexico, Hidalgo	5	2,195
Mione 586	Mexico, Puebla	4 - 5	2,500
Mione 587	Mexico, Distrito Federal	4 - 6	2,750
C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401)	Mexico, Chiapas	11 - 13	1,650
N. Sawyer 623 (Mione 395)	Costa Rica	6 - 8	1,740
L. Bohs seed 95-4 (Mione 635)	Costa Rica	6 - 10	1,375
Mione 583	Costa Rica	5 - 11	1,560
D. M. Spooner et al. 7024 (Mione 318)	Guatemala	8	2,750
D. M. Spooner et al. 7052 (Mione 324)	Guatemala	8 - 18	2,840
D'Arcy 18063 (Mione 580)	Honduras	8 - 9	1,100-2,300

Table 3. Do filaments Angle Out (Figure 1) During Flower's Hermaphroditic Phase? *Jaltomata procumbens* grown in Connecticut, USA.
collection (grown in Connecticut as)		Do filaments Angle Out?	Altitude m
figure 28.2, in Davis, 1986	Mexico, Chihuahua	Yes	no data
R. Bye 10084 (Mione 350)	Mexico, Chihuahua	Yes	1,675
R. Bye 10033 (Mione 502)	Mexico, Chihuahua	Yes	1,744
R. Bye 10200 (Mione 548)	Mexico, Michoacan	Yes	market at 2,140
T. Mione 587	Mexico, Distrito Federal	Yes, very strongly	2,750
T. Mione & F. Basurto 590	Mexico, Distrito Federal	Yes	2,900
T. Mione et al. 599	Mexico, Morelos	Yes but not as strongly as those shown in Figure 1, see Figure 15.	2,230
T. Mione et al. 593	Mexico, Mexico	Yes but not as strongly as those shown in figure 1.	2,600
C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401)	Mexico, Chiapas	Yes	1,650
L. Bohs seed 95-4 (Mione 635)	Costa Rica	Yes	1,375
D. M. Spooner et al. 7024 (Mione 318)	Guatemala	Yes	2,750
D. M. Spooner et al. 7035 (Mione 320)	Guatemala	Yes but not as strongly as those shown in figure 1, see figure 6.	2,680
D. M. Spooner et al. 7038 (Mione 321)	Guatemala	No, filaments connivent	2,054
D. M. Spooner et al. 7052 (Mione 324)	Guatemala	Yes	2,840
Grown as Mione 838	Guatemala	Yes, but only about 20 degrees, figure 21	2,714
Grown as Mione 842	Guatemala	Yes, very stongly.	2,546
Grown as Mione 844	Guatemala	Yes	2,291
D'Arcy 18063 (Mione 580)	Honduras	Yes	1,100-2,300

Table 4. Peduncle & Pedicel length among collections of Jaltomata procumbens grown in Connnecticut
collection		Peduncle Length, Range (mm)	Pedicel Length, Range (mm)	Altitude m
R. Bye 10084 (Mione 350)	Mexico, Chihuahua	1 - 17	8 - 20	1,675
E. Dean 260 (Mione 570)	Mexico, Hidalgo	16 (no range, single value)	10 (no range, single value)	2,195
Mione 586	Mexico, Puebla	10 - 27	15 - 23	2,500
C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401)	Mexico, Chiapas	42 - 62	9.5 - 23	1,650
N. Sawyer 623 (Mione 395)	Costa Rica	25 - 42	4 - 18.5	1,740
L. Bohs seed 95-4 (Mione 635)	Costa Rica	39 - 75	10 - 11	1,375
Mione 583	Costa Rica	27 - 70	7.5 - 20	1,560
D. M. Spooner et al. 7024 (Mione 318)	Guatemala	30 - 69	8 - 12	2,750
D. M. Spooner et al. 7052 (Mione 324)	Guatemala	10 - 24	11 - 16	2,840
D'Arcy 18063 (Mione 580)	Honduras	37 (no range, single value)	10 (no range, single value)	1,100-2,300

Table 5. Pollen Size Among Collections, J. procumbens, from plants grown in Connecticut unless indicated otherwise
Collection		Mean Size (Sample Size)	Range (micrometers)	Polar View Measured	Stored in 70% ethanol prior to measured, or fresh when measured	Date Measured Measured By
Bye 10033 (Mione 502)	Mexico, Chihuahua	35.5 (6)	33.75 - 37.5	probably not	Fresh	not recorded T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
Bye 9858 (Mione 503)	Mexico, Chihuahua	36.4 (4)	35 - 37.5	probably not	Fresh	not recorded T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
Mione 586	Mexico, Puebla	37.22 (20)	32.13 - 40.5	probably not	Fresh	Oct 1995, Aug 1996 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
Mione 587	Mexico, Distrito Federal	36.99 (8)	33.9 - 39.27	probably not	Fresh	Aug 1996 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
E. Dean 252 (Mione 569)	Mexico, San Luis Potosi	35.91 (12)	32.13 - 38.91	probably not	Fresh	Aug 1996 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
Mione 596	Mexico, Mexico	34.9 (20)	29.9 - 37.5	probably not	Fresh	1994, 1995, 1996 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
Mione 599	Mexico	32.6 (20)	30-35	yes	Stored in 70% ethanol prior	2016, Thomas Mione	cotton blue in lactoglycerol
Mione 599	Mexico	31.525 (50)	30 - 33.75	yes	Stored in 70% ethanol prior	2007 or 2008 Alison L. Grissom	cotton blue in lactophenol
Mione 602 / 603	Mexico	24.47 (15)	22 - 27.25	yes	Flower collected in Mexico then stored in 70% ethanol	June 2012, measured by a student, 15 grains	cotton blue in lactophenol
C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401)	Mexico, Chiapas	30.725 (10)	23.25 - 33.75	probably not	Fresh	July 1996 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
D. M. Spooner et al. 7038, grown as Mione 321	Guatemala	27.6 (20)	25.5-28.8	yes	Stored in 70% ethanol prior	Feb 2016 Thomas Mione	cotton blue in lactoglycerol
D. M. Spooner et al. 7038, grown as Mione 321	Guatemala	26.44 (33)	25 - 27.5	yes	Stored in 70% ethanol prior	April 2014 Melissa R. Luna	Cotton blue in lactoglycerol
D'Arcy 18063 (Mione 580)	Honduras	30.25 (9)	28.16 - 33.44	probably not	Fresh	Sep 1995 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
N. Sawyer 623 (Mione 395)	Costa Rica	30.4 (28)	27.85 - 32.6	probably not	Fresh	Sep 1995 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol
Mione 583	Costa Rica	31.55 (22)	26.4 - 35.7	probably not	Fresh	Sep 1995, Aug 1996 T. Mione	cotton blue in lactophenol

Table 6. Pollen Quantity and Ovule Quantity Per Flower
Collection		Pollen Quantity	Ovules	Ratio of Pollen to Ovules	Counted By, Year Counted	grown for study, or flower preserved during fieldwork in Latin America
R. Bye 10084 (grown as Mione 350)	Mexico, Chihuahua	46,563 to 46,750			pollen counts by T. M. & Elisabeth dos Santos 2011	2 flowers, grown for study in Connecticut, USA
R. Bye 10033 (grown as Mione 502)	Mexico, Chihuahua	48,500 to 51,667			T. Mione; Elisabeth dos Santos 2011	3 flowers, grown for study in Connecticut, USA

R. Bye 10083 (grown as Mione 506)	Mexico, Chihuahua	140,000	86	1,628	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	grown in CCSU greenhouse 2016
R. Bye 10083 (grown as Mione 506)	Mexico, Chihuahua	65,000	61	1,066	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	grown in CCSU greenhouse 2016

T. Mione et al. 593	Mexico, Mexico	52,500	98	536	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	grown in CCSU greenhouse 2015
T. Mione et al. 593	Mexico, Mexico	87,500	142	616	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	grown in Copernicus Hall outdoor garden 1995
T. Mione et al. 593	Mexico, Mexico	73,500			Elisabeth dos Santos 2011

Mione 602 / 603	Mexico, Distrito Federal	25,500	152	168	pollen by Emmett P. Varricchio 2012	collected in Mexico, not from a plant grown for study
Mione 602 / 603	Mexico, Distrito Federal	51,750	156	332	Thomas Mione	collected in Mexico, not from a plant grown for study
Mione 602 / 603	Mexico, Distrito Federal	41,538	121	343	Thomas Mione	collected in Mexico, not from a plant grown for study
Mione 602 / 603	Mexico, Distrito Federal	37,917	110	345	Thomas Mione	collected in Mexico, not rom a plant grown for study

Mione 587	Mexico, Distrito Federal	92,500	98	944	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	grown late 2015 new CCSU greenhouse
Mione 587	Mexico, Distrito Federal	59,688			Elisabeth dos Santos 2011
Mione 587	Mexico, Distrito Federal	127,500	149	856	Melissa R. Luna; ovules by Thomas Mione, 2013	from a plant grown outdoors in Connecticut, USA
Mione 587	Mexico, Distrito Federal	100,000	138	725	Melissa R. Luna; ovules by Thomas Mione, 2013	from a plant grown outdoors in Connecticut, USA
Mione 586	Mexico, Puebla	39,250			Elisabeth dos Santos 2011

Mione & Bye 599	Mexico, Morelos		193		ovule count by T. M.
Mione & Bye 599	Mexico, Morelos	74,375	126	590	pollen count by Emmett P. Varricchio, ovules by T. M., 2012
Mione & Bye 599	Mexico, Morelos	72,500	114	636	pollen count by Melissa R. Luna, ovules by T. M., 2013	from plant grown by John Powell at his home 2006, flower collected by T. M.
Mione & Bye 599	Mexico, Morelos	140,000	114	1,228	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	from plant grown by John Powell at his home 2006, flower collected by T. M.
Mione & Bye 599	Mexico, Morelos	82,500	192	430	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2015	from plant grown in Copernicus Hall outdoor garden 1995

C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401)	Mexico, Chiapas	143,750			Elisabeth dos Santos, 2011	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401)	Mexico, Chiapas	140,000	204	686	pollen count by Christopher L. Chan, ovules by T. M., 2013	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA
C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401)	Mexico, Chiapas	200,000	204	980	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2015	flower from plant grown in Connecticut, USA

D. M. Spooner et al. 7024 (Mione 318)	Guatemala	80,000	146	548	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	flower from plant grown in 2002 in Connecticut, USA
D. M. Spooner et al. 7024 (Mione 318)	Guatemala	85,625			Elisabeth dos Santos, 2011
D. M. Spooner et al. 7024 (Mione 318)	Guatemala	92,500	146	634	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	Grown in Connecticut, not sure if in greenhouse or in garden

D. M. Spooner et al. 7038 (Mione 321)	Guatemala	197,500	66	2,992	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in Connecticut, USA, 2002
D. M. Spooner et al. 7038 (Mione 321)	Guatemala	177,500	72	2,465	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in CCSU greenhouse, USA, 2015
D. M. Spooner et al. 7038 (Mione 321)	Guatemala	135,000	96	1,406	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in Connecticut, either in CCSU greenhouse or in outdoor garden, USA
D. M. Spooner et al. 7038 (Mione 321)	Guatemala	87,500	72	1,215	Melissa R. Luna, ovules by Thomas Mione, 2013	plant grown in Connecticut, USA
D. M. Spooner et al. 7038 (Mione 321)	Guatemala	120,450	108	1,115	Emmett P. Varricchio, ovules by Thomas Mione, 2013	plant grown in Connecticut, USA

D. M. Spooner et al. 7052 (Mione 324)	Guatemala	62,500	98	638	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M. 2016	plant grown in CCSU greenhouse, USA, 2015
D. M. Spooner et al. 7052 (Mione 324)	Guatemala	50,000	104	481	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in Connecticut, USA, 2002
D. M. Spooner et al. 7052 (Mione 324)	Guatemala	128,250			Elisabeth dos Santos 2011

D. M. Spooner et al. 7035 (Mione 320)	Guatemala	140,625			Elisabeth dos Santos 2011
D. M. Spooner et al. 7035 (Mione 320)	Guatemala	95,0000	178	534	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2015	plant grown outdoors in Connecticut, USA, 2002
D. M. Spooner et al. 7035 (Mione 320)	Guatemala	240,000	152	1,579	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2015	plant grown outdoors in Connecticut, USA, 2002
D. M. Spooner et al. 7035 (Mione 320)	Guatemala	77,500	90	861	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in CCSU greenhouse, USA, 2015

J. A. Fischmann 8/11/2012, individuals 15 - 19 (Mione 837)	Guatemala	105,000	136	772	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in CCSU greenhouse, USA, 2015-2016

J. A. Fischmann 8/22/2012 proc A-E (Mione 838)	Guatemala	117,500	130	904	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in Connecticut, USA, outdoors in 2014
J. A. Fischmann 8/22/2012 proc A-E (Mione 838)	Guatemala	120,000	118	1,017	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in greenhouse, Connecticut, USA, in 2015

J. A. Fischmann 8/11/2012, #8 (Mione 844)	Guatemala	87,500	92	951	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in Connecticut, USA
J. A. Fischmann 8/11/2012, #8 (Mione 844)	Guatemala	87,500	94	931	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in Connecticut, USA

D'Arcy 18063 (Mione 580)	Honduras	89,063			Elisabeth dos Santos, 2011
D'Arcy 18063 (Mione 580)	Honduras	185,000	96	1,927	pollen count by Kenneth C. Plourd, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in CCSU greenhouse, USA, 2015
D'Arcy 18063 (Mione 580)	Honduras	87,500	113	774	pollen count by Melissa R. Luna, ovules by T. M., 2016	plant grown in Connecticut, USA
Collection		Pollen Quantity	Ovules	Ratio of Pollen to Ovules	Counted By, Year Counted	grown for study, or flower preserved during fieldwork in Latin America

Table 7. Nectar is Produced During Both Pistillate & Hermaphroditic Phases
accession	nectar drops seen at base of corolla, anthers undehisced	nectar drops seen at base of corolla after all anthers dehisced	Location of Observation
320	Yes, two plants	Yes, one plant	University of Connecticut greenhouse, November & December 2012
321	Yes, one plant	Yes, one plant	University of Connecticut greenhouse, November & December 2012
580	Yes, two plants	Yes, two plant	University of Connecticut greenhouse, November & December 2012
586	Yes, one plant	Yes, one plant	University of Connecticut greenhouse, November & December 2012
587	Yes, one plant	Yes, one plant	Greenhouse, New Britain, Connecticut, 2016
599	Yes, one plant	Yes, one plant	University of Connecticut greenhouse, 30 July 2012. CCSU 31 Oct 2016
838	Yes, one plant, three different flowers on three different days	Yes, one plant, several flowers on different days	Outdoors, New Britain, Connecticut, July 2014
844	Yes, one plant	Yes, one plant	Greenhouse, New Britain, Connecticut, Sep 2014

Table 8. Seed Size Among Collections, J. procumbens Seeds collected in the wild, except seeds from plants grown in Connecticut, USA were used for 596, 636 & 599.
(sample size)		Mean Length mm (range)	Mean Width mm (range)	Mean Thickness mm (range)	Mean Volume mm3	Date Measured Measured By	Data Entry
R. Bye 10084 (Mione 350) (5)	Mexico, Chihuahua	1.84 (1.72 - 2)	1.62 (1.52-1.72)	0.58 (0.56 - 0.6)	1.75 1.46 - 1.93)	not recorded T. Mione	June 2010
E. Dean 252 (Mione 569). (6)	Mexico, San Luis Potosi	1.77 (1.71-1.83)	1.54 (1.47 - 1.65)	0.63 (0.57-0.69)	1.71 (1.49-1.90)	not recorded T. Mione	June 2010
R. Bye 10200 (Mione 548) (6)	Mexico, Michoacan	1.85 (1.72 - 2.04)	1.45 1.35-1.62	0.57 0.54 - 0.63	1.49 1.29 - 1.72	not recorded T. Mione	July 2010
Mione 596 (5)	Mexico, Mexico	1.84 (1.8 - 1.92)	1.63 (1.5 - 1.77)	0.62 (0.6-0.66)	1.85 (1.77-2.04)	not recorded T. Mione	July 2010
Mione 586 (7)	Mexico, Puebla	1.88 (1.74 - 1.995)	1.59 (1.47 - 1.74)	0.5 (0.45-0.54)	1.49 (1.28-1.78)	not recorded T. Mione	May 2010
T. Mione & R. Bye 599 (10)	Mexico, Morelos	1.58 (1.48-1.66)	1.36 (1.2-1.44)	0.47 (0.44-0.48)	1.01 (0.83-1.16)	July 2015 T. Mione	July 2015
C. Eber s.n. (Mione 401) (7)	Mexico, Chiapas	1.24 (1.14 - 1.35)	0.95 (0.87 - 1.05)	0.398 (0.36 - 0.44)	0.47 (0.39 - 0.53)	not recorded T. Mione	May 2010
D. M. Spooner 7038 (Mione 321)(n = 10)	Guatemala	1.37 (1.28 - 1.48)	1.12 (1 - 1.2)	0.51 (0.42-0.54)	0.785 (0.62-0.93)	July 2015 T. Mione	July 2015
L. Bohs seed 95-4 (Mione 635) (8)	Costa Rica	1.27 (1.23 - 1.32)	1.0 (0.93 - 1.035)	0.43 (0.39-0.45)	0.55 (0.48 - 0.615)	July 2000 T. Mione	May 2010
L. Bohs 2686, seed 96-49 (Mione 636) (7)	Costa Rica	1.07 (1.02 - 1.14)	0.97 (0.93 - 0.99)	0.46 (0.45-0.54)	0.48 (0.44 - 0.56)	June 2000 T. Mione	July 2010
N. Sawyer 623 (Mione 395) (5)	Costa Rica	1.32 (1.29-1.35)	1.1 (1.05-1.08)	0.44 (0.42-0.47)	0.62 (0.57-0.68)	Mar 1997 T. Mione	May 2010
Mione 583 (6)	Costa Rica	1.36 (1.32 - 1.41)	1.0975 (1.05-1.17)	0.53 (0.51-0.56)	0.79 (0.75 - 0.82)	No Data T. Mione	June 2010

Fruits Remain Attached To Parent Plant After Ripening:
In general fruits of J. procumbens remain attached to the parent plant after fruits ripen (except for unpublished variety or subspecies tlaxcala, discussed by my former student Larry Coe, 1997). I observed ripe fruits remaining attached on a plant of accession 548 and to plants of accession 321 (fall 2004). I observed ripe fruits remaining attached on plants of accessions 320, 506, 569, and 599 (Fall 2012).

Demonstration of Lack of Agamospermy: Gregory J. Anderson emasculated 10 flowers on plants of accession 321 in the University of Connecticut greenhouse, while filaments were short and anthers were undehisced (year 2012). Zero fruits were set on plants that otherwise abundantly self-set fruit in a pollinator-free greenhouse.

Synonyms:
Atropa erecta Zuccagni may be a synonym
Jaltomata contorta (R. & P.) Mione
Saracha alata Dunal
Saracha conspersa Miers
Saracha diffusa (based on Mathews 775) Miers
Saracha zuccagniana G. Don is probably a synonym.

Saracha glabrata Miers. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2 3: 448. 1849. Mione studied the type specimen belonging to K, collected by Coulter 1226 in Zacatecas, Mexico (information from label on type specimen). Kew's type specimen was not photographed by Mione before it was returned to Kew.

Saracha sessilis Greene.

Figure 5. Jaltomata procumbens complex. The three central leaves show their upper sides. The leaves at the left and right show their undersides. Accession 321 has its own web page. Leaves from plants grown in the same environment, scanned by T. Mione, 17 Aug 2010.

Figure 6. Jaltomata procumbens. Note that the corolla's adaxial face is pilosulose, all five anthers have dehisced, the stigma is green while the style is pale-green, and filaments are pubescent. Note filaments do not angle out strongly like those of a different accession shown in Figure 1 (D. Spooner et al. 7035, grown as Mione 320, photo by Thomas Mione, 2012).

Figure 7.

Jaltomata procumbens

Pistillate phase flower illustrated in black and white,
above "3" (stigma shape not rendered accurately)

Hermaphroditic phase flowers attached to plant at mid-height and lower, rendered in color

Mature fruits very dark purple-black, shown as "4"

Hort. Halensis t. 14, 1841 - 53

Geographic Distribution of Jaltomata procumbens

Arizona, USA (Toolin et al. 1979, Lehr & Pinkava 1980, McLaughlin & Bowers 1990) into Venezuela (Benítez de Rojas 2010), Colombia and Ecuador with certainty. Outside of its natural distribution, this species has also been collected in Maryland, U.S.A. on a chrome ore pile at a seaport (Reed 1964).

Table 9. Specimens Studied:

Country	primary political	secondary political	locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector
U.S.A.	Arizona	Cochise Co.	Ft. Huachuca, camp Greenlee, picnic area at north end of Huachuca canyon	1524	Overstory to 40' with Chenopodium, grasses.	14 Sept 197_	T. Davis 671 (US)
U.S.A.	Arizona	Cochise Co.	Bisbee, Spring Canyon, NW end of town	1707	weed in yard	30 Aug 1984	A.C. Sanders et al. 5179 (COLO)

Mexico	Chihuahua	Guachochic	bridge over Rio Urique (Creel-Guachochic road)	1,675	along bank of river and slopes and arroyos above river in mixed pine-oak forest with Agave and Acacia	22 Oct 1980	R. Bye 10083 grown as Mione 506
Mexico	Hidalgo	mpio. Talnchinol	2 km S de Tlanchinol, hacia Apantlaso	1700	bosque perturbado de liquidámbar y encinos principalmente; suelo casi negro, pedregoso	7 Nov 1980	R. Hernández M. 5367 (COLO, MEXU not seen)
Mexico	Michoacan	Mpio. Tancitaro	no data	1890	common in moist, shadey places	16 Aug 1940	W. C. Leavenworth 598 (GH)
Mexico	Michoacan	Mpio. Patzcuaro	Main Market; vendor indicated she obtained fruits from farmers near San Rafael Chapultepec ca. 10 km NE of Patzcuaro	market at 2140, fruits from farms at 2100 m	agricultural zone with irrigation	23 Oct 1981	R. Bye & E. Linares 10200, grown as Mione 548	gathered from plants in maize fields
Mexico	Michoacan		along dirt road, 1.7 km NE of Carapucho, on S side of road, lat 19' 34 N, long 102' 01 W	2,320	side of road	no data	D. M. Spooner & J. Gomez 4087a (WIS)
Mexico	Distrito Federal		near Eslava	handwriting difficult to read, possibly 8000'	lava beds	19 Jul 1910	H. H. Rusby
Mexico	Distrito Federal	Delegación Coyoacán	Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jardín Botánico Exterior	no data	weeds in flowerpots of the greenhouse	21 Apr 1983	R. Bye 12,147 (COLO)
Mexico	Distrito Federal		near Santa Fé	no data	no data	23 Aug 1903	J. N. Rose & Jos. H. Painter 6518 (US)	same ecotype or unnamed variety as Bye & Linares 10219
Mexico	Distrito Federal		El Mirador Milpa Alta, across street from and in corn field, and at edge of Opuntia farmfield	2,750	open sun	26 June 1994	T. Mione 587
Mexico	Morelos	Tetela del Volcán	Tetela del Volcán, 18 53.4' N, 98 43.7' W, NE of town	2200	in along margin of maize fields	1 Nov 1981	R. Bye & Linares 10219 (MEXU not seen)	maize fields
Mexico	Nayarit (inferred by Mione, not listed on specimen label)	Territorio de Tepic	Foothills between Acaponeta & Pedro Paulo	no data	no data	2 Aug 1897	J. N. Rose 1928 (US)
Mexico	Guerrero	mpio. Tlacotepec	A 17 km al SO de Filo de Caballo	2400	frequente; veg. bosque mesófilo de montaña	17 Aug 1985	J. C. Soto Nuñez y S. Román García 10042 (US)	same ecotype or unnamed variety as Bye & Linares 10219
Mexico	Puebla	no data	15 - 18 miles NE of Tehuacan along road to Veracruz	1,981 - 2,134	on limestone	5 Aug 1963	Gentry et al. 20250 (US)	same ecotype or unnamed variety as Bye & Linares 10219
Mexico	Veracruz		Huayacocotla, camino a arroyo Hondo	1900		22 Oct 1970	R. H. M. & R. C. Trigos 834 (GH)
Mexico	Veracruz	no data	Orizaba	1,524 (1,600 according to Morton in protologue)	no data	10 Aug 1924	G. L. Fisher 257 (US)	type specimen of Saracha procumbens var. pilosula Morton
Mexico	Veracruz	Lomagrande	Orizaba	2,743	Along hedgerows and in maize fields, moist ground	26 Aug 1938	E. K. Balls 5354 (GH, US)	collector wrote "to 10 ft."
Mexico	Oaxaca	no data	no data	no data	no data	25-26 Sep 1930	P. G. Russell & M. J. Souviron 221 (US)
Mexico	Oaxaca		rt 175, S of Mihuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, ca 20 km N o San Miguel Suchixtepec, at km 131.1, lat 16 13' N, long 96 32' W	2,390	In Pinus, Quercus, Alnus woods	18 Sept 1988	D. M. Spooner, J. P. Hjerting, J. Gomez & F. Flores 4173 (WIS); grown as Mione 388	"J. oaxaca" in Mione's dissertation (unpublished)
Mexico	Oaxaca		Coyula	2134		15 Aug 1895	L. C. Smith 692
Mexico	Chiapas		Town of Tzabalhó, just north of Chenalho (San Pedro Chenalho), Estimated by T. M. to be about 16 56/57 N, 92 37 W and , from the Oxchuc 1:50,000 quadrangle.	estimated by Mione: 1,600 to 1,700 from the Oxchuc 1:50,000 quadrangle	growing beside house in cafetal, near milpa; rainfall is about 2077 mm per year. Mean annual temperature about 18.4 C		C. Eber and Margarita (no last name provided) s.n., grown as Mione 401 shown in photos at top
Mexico	Chiapas	San Juán Cancuc	Ch'e Wakax, 3 km al sur del poblado	1,219	cafetales, milpas		E. Sántiz Cruz 759 (MO)
Mexico	Chiapas	Municipio Rayón	near Puerto del Viento, 9 miles NW of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, along road to Tapiula	1,859	steep moist slope	30 May 1965	D. E. Breedlove 10155 (US)	The sepals are unfused; Tilton Davis IV thought of this as an unpublished new species
Mexico	Chiapas	Municipio Rayón	near Puerto del Viento, 9 miles NW of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, along road to Tapiula	1,859	steep moist slope	20 Aug 1965	D. E. Breedlove 11983 (US)	The sepals are unfused; Tilton Davis IV thought of this as an unpublished new species

Guatemala	Quezaltenango		western slope of Volcán de Zunil, Fuentes Georginas	2,850	wet forest	4 Mar 1939	P. C. Standley 67441 (F, US)
Guatemala	San Marcos		8 km N of town square of San Marcos on rd to Tacaná, at km 258 road marker, 15 05' S, 91 47' W	2,750	shade in sandy soil	24 Sep 1995	D M. Spooner et al. 7024 (grown as Mione 318) herbarium of T. M.
Guatemala	Quezaltenango		6.6 km S of Quezaltenango to San Marcos road, on road to Colomba, 14 49.9' S, 91 37.8' W	2,680	side of road, sandy soil of slope by edge of corn field	27 Sept 1995	Spooner et al. 7035 (AGUAT), grown as Mione 320.	Flower shown in figure 6 of this page.
Guatemala	Chimaltenango		on N-facing slope of Vocán Acatenango, about one-hour walk above Soledad, 14 31.6 S, 91 52.7 W	2,840	in clearing in moist valley	13 Oct 1995	Spooner et al. 7052 (AGUAT), grown as Mione 324.

Guatemala	San Marcos		14 55 57 N, 91 42 35.7 W	2,714	corn and trees	22 Aug 1012	E. Pöll, grown as Mione 838
Guatemala							grown as Mione 842
Guatemala							grown as Mione 844

Honduras	Olancho		Agalta National Park, Trail between La Chorrera campsite and La Picucha summit	1,100- 2,300	on gravel bars	30 May 1992	W. G. D'Arcy 18063 (MO) grown for study in Connecticut as Mione 580	Fruit shown in figure 18 of this page.
Honduras	Copan		3 km ENE Copán Ruins	no data	no data	6 Sep 1989	D. Lentz 1703 (NY)

Nicaragua	Madriz		Cerro Quisuca, ca 13 30' N, 86 31' W	1100 - 1250	summit and upper slopes		W. D. Stevens & A. Grijalva 16041 (MO)

Costa Rica	Cartago		17 km S. E. of Tapantí	1700	stream side in primary forest	27 April 1969	R. W. Lent 1641 (NY)
Costa Rica							Mione & Yacher 687
Costa Rica							Mione & Yacher 687
Costa Rica							Mione & Yacher 693
Costa Rica							Mione & W. Haber 698
Costa Rica	province of San Jose		University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Quebrada Los Negritos	1201	shady, moist, rich ground, bank of quebrada Los Negritos	14 Aug 1961	G. B. Rossbach 3746 (GH)
Costa Rica	Heredia		Vara Blanca de Sarapiquí, north slope of Central Cordillera	1500-1750	bank of forest stream	July-Sep 1937	A. F. Skutch 3/88

Panama	Bocas del Toro		northern slopes of Cerro Horqueta	1829 - 2134	Robalo Trail	5 - 7 Aug 1947	P. H. Allen 4916 (MO)	"6 feet"
Panama	Chiriquí		Cerro Horqueta	1525 - 1830	Cerro Horqueta	Sep 1967	J. D. Dwyer 6961A (MO)
Panama	Chiriquí		west of Las Nubes, about 5 km NW of Cerro Punta and towards Cerro Picacho	2000 - 2100	recently opened ravine	6 Jan 1975	R. L. Wilbur & J. L. Luteyn 19349 (DUKE)	"shrublet 6 dm tall"
Panama	Chiriquí		just below last climb in Alto Respinga	2700		27 Sep 1978	W. G. D'Arcy 12142 (MO)

Colombia	Santander		between Piedecuesta and las Vegas	2000 - 2500	wet bank	19 - 24 Dec 1926	E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 15486 (NY)
Colombia	Cauca	El Tambo		1700		25 June 1938	K. von Sneidern 1491 (NY)
Colombia	Magdalena	Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, southeastern slopes	Hoya del Río Donachuí, below the village Donachuí	1350 - 1230	near the river	24 Sept 1959	J. Cuatrecasas & R. Romero Castaneda 24400 (US)	fls are face down on the US specimen, leaving some possibility of this actually being J. repandidentata
Colombia	Antioquia	Municipio Jardín	carretera Jardín - Riosucio (Caldas), km 10 - 15, 5 30' N, 75 48' W	2750-2900	no data	26 Sep 1990	F. J. Roldán 1443 (MO)
Colombia	Putumayo		Valley of Sibundoy, 5 km S Sibundoy	2200	"wild, protected when spontaneous in corn field"	17 Jan 1963	M. L. Bristol 475 (GH, US)
Colombia	Putumayo		Valley of Sibundoy, 4 km S Sibundoy	2200	"Indian garden, protected; very infreq."	7 July 1963	M. L. Bristol 1191 (GH)
Colombia	Putumayo		Valley of Sibundoy, 1.5 km W Sibundoy	2200	"Indian garden, very infreq."	22 Aug 1963	M. L. Bristol 1328 (GH)
Colombia	Putumayo		Valley of Sibundoy. Sibundoy	2225 - 2300	no data	29 May 1946	R. E. Schultes & M. Villarreal 7615 (GH, US)
Colombia	Putumayo		Valley of Sibundoy. Sibundoy	2225 - 2300	no data	29 May 1946	R. E. Schultes & M. Villarreal 7626 (US)

Ecuador	Zamora Chinchipe	Cantón Valladolid	Forest just outside El Porvenir del Carmen, E of Valladoid	1750	forest, only one plant seen	1 April 2005	L. Bohs et al. 3385 (UT)
Country	primary political	secondary political	locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector

Figure 8, above. Root of Jaltomata procumbens. This is one summer's growth: seeds germinated at the end of May 2010, and so this represents about five months of growth (Mione 590, photo by Thomas Mione, 2010).

Figure 9. Anthers and distal portion of filaments of Jaltomata procumbens; ventral view (view from the stigma) on left; dorsal view on right; vertically oriented rulers show mm on left and right; Mione & Bye 599; photo by Thomas Mione 2012; flower preserved in 70% ethanol prior to photo.

Figure 10. Anther size, corolla size, the extent of corolla spots (dark green) on the corolla vary among collections of Jaltomata procumbens. Flowers shown in pistillate phase. The stigma is darker green than the style. Units along top are mm. Collections Mione 569, 587 and 599 were grown for study in a common garden, summer 2012, photo by Thomas Mione. Letters "E" and "F" refer to the individual plant from which the flower was removed.

Figure 11. Calyx size, corolla size, Jaltomata procumbens. The smallest units are mm. Collections Mione 569, 587 and 599 were grown for study in a common garden, summer 2012, photo by Thomas Mione. Letters "E" and "F" refer to the individual plant from which the flower was removed.


Figure 12. Pubescent leaf of Jaltomata procumbens. Smallest units are mm, photo by Thomas Mione, Mione 569	Figure 13. Glabrous leaf of Jaltomata procumbens. Smallest units are mm, photo by Thomas Mione, Mione & Bye 599

Figure 14. Jaltomata procumbens. The back of a flower to show the calyx. Sepals are reflexed away from corolla, in contrast with the photo at the right of a different accession. The peduncle is nearly vertical under ruler. Smallest units are mm, photo by Thomas Mione, July 2012, Mione 569.	Figure 15. Side view of flower to show calyx; sepals in contact with corolla, of Jaltomata procumbens. Anthers have all dehsiced. Stigma and style are nearly comletely hidden by one of the stamens. Smallest units are mm. Photo by Thomas Mione, July 2012, Mione 599.

Table 11. Seed Germination: After planting, number of days until I saw above-ground evidence of germination (prior to being sown, seeds were stored in a refrigerator). GA was not used.
accession	number of days	year planted	was a warming mat used underneath?
320	6	2012	yes
321	6	2012	yes
401	6	2003	no data
401	11 to 12 days; germination was estimated to be near 100%.	(after storage from 1996 until planted in 2004)	no data
456	6	2012	yes
506	11	2012	yes
569	6	2012	yes
580	6	2012	yes
586	8	2012	yes
587	6	2012	yes
599	9	2012	yes
602	19; stored for many years prior to planting	2016	yes
693	7	2012	yes
Spooner 7126	7	2012	yes
Spooner 7132	11	2012	yes

More data could be added to the above table, available in Thomas Mione's "Germination" 3-ring binder.
Saldívar-Iglesias et al. (2010) also studied seed germination of J. procumbens.

Figure 16. The corolla is smaller during the first day the flower is open, while filaments remain short and anthers are undehisced. The corolla expands when the filaments elongate on day 2 of the open flower's life. Corolla radius was measured from the androecium to the tip of the corolla lobe, gently flatening the corolla to the ruler. In each column there are measurements (for one accession) from plants grown in the greenhouse and outdoors. Each column is the mean of six to 22 measurements by Thomas Mione during the summer of 2012.

Table 12. The corolla is 10-pointed or 5-pointed, depending on the accession. Flowers of some accessions have a pleat (3-dimensional folding) in the location of the lobule. To distinguish between a lobule and a pleat one must gently pull two consecutive lobes away from each other. If, after pulling lobes away from each other, there is still a lobule, the accession is scored as having a lobules.

accession	pistillate phase: observation made while flower was in pistillate phase	hermaphroditic phase: observation made while flower was in hermaphroditic phase	where and when observation was made
318	5-lobes, 0 lobules	5-lobes, 0 lobules	CCSU ground-level greenh, Feb, Mar 2016
320	early in the pistillate phase the open cor is 5-lobed but later in the pistilate phase (while anthers continue to be undehisced but filaments have started elongating) the open cor is 10-lobed	10, lobes and lobules alternating	CCSU ground-level greenh, Feb, Mar, Oct 2016
321	10, lobes and lobules alternating	10, lobes and lobules alternating	Home garden, 1996 and 2002; CCSU ground-level greenhouse, Mar 2016
324		10, lobes and lobules alternating	grown for study in CT
506	10, lobes and lobules alternating	10, lobes and lobules alternating	CCSU greenhouse, Nov 2015, March 2016
580	5-lobes, 0 lobules	5-lobes, 0 lobules In 2010 I did not record the sample size, and did not record the flower’s phase (pistillate vs. hermaphroditic)	CCSU, May 2010; CCSU ground-level greenh, Mar 2016
587	10, lobes and lobules alternating	10, lobes and lobules alternating	CCSU ground-level greenh, Apr & June 2016
599	5-lobes, 0 lobules	5-lobes, 0 lobules	CCSU both greenhouses, Mar 2016

Table 13. Trichomes of the adaxial face (front) of the corolla, the face of the corolla that pollinators normally encounter.

accession

Condition 1: Densely pilosulose, all finger hairs, each and every hair having a wet (not viscous) droplet at its tip.

Condition 2: Densely pilosulose, all finger hairs, far fewer than half of the hairs have a wet (not viscous) droplet at tip.

If one observes with a dissecting microscope, and touches the droplet that is at the terminus of each hair, the droplet disappears. In other words the incredibly small drop at the terminus of each hair is watery, not viscous.

Where plant was grown

320

True