321

Jaltomata procumbens 321

Guatemala

revised 15 Feb 2016

Link to Jaltomata homepage

The information on this page may be cited as a communication with
professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050-4010 USA

Link to the Jaltomata of Arizona (USA),
Mexico and Central America

Figure 1. Jaltomata procumbens accession 321. Note that stamens elongate at unequal rates, two anthers dehiscing prior to three. Grown in CCSU greenhouse, photo by T. M. January 2016. Units showing on a ruler in lower left are mm.

	Jaltomata procumbens 321	other Jaltomata procumbens
Filaments	Filaments do not angle away from the style (Figures 1, 2, 3); filaments are connivent.	Filaments angle out (away from the style) during hermaphroditic phase (see J. procumbens page)
Stamen elongation	Stamens elongate at unequal rates. The anthers of the longer two stamens dehisce before the other three anthers. The stamens all become the same length.	Filaments elongate at same rate; stamens remain the same length.
Filaments pubescent	Yes (Figures 1, 2)	There is variation among accessions: sometimes yes and sometimes only at base where slender part of filament meets the expanded base of the stamen.
Fruit Size	Small (see figure 5, below)	Larger than 321 (see figure 5, below)
Pollen Size	Small see Table 5 on web page of J. procumbens	Larger than 321 see Table 5 on web page of J. procumbens
Corolla Remaining Open At Night?	Yes. On 4 November 2012 I saw both wide-open and semi-open flowers at 10:30 pm (no lights were on so this is not an abberation due to an artificial environment).	No, corolla closes for the night

Figure 2.

In the photo at left, the right flower is pistillate;
the next day it will look like the flower on the
left and be functionally hermaphroditic.

In the photo at left, in the left flower: Note how the filaments are connivent
(parallel to each other around the style)
on this functionally hermaphroditic flower.

Photo by Thomas Mione, 2002.
Plants grown for study in Connecticut.

Figure 3

Flower on left is pistillate; the next day it will look
like the flower on the right and be
functionally hermaphroditic.

Photo by Thomas Mione, August 2002.

Smallest units are mm.

Plants grown for study in Connecticut.

Figure 4.

Ripe fruits

Photo by Thomas Mione, November 2002.

Smallest units are mm.

Plants grown for study in Connecticut.

Miscellaneous Notes, accession 321:

Nectar is evident (with a hand lens) in flowers both in the pistillate (day one) phase and flowers that are older than day one (hermaphroditic phase).

After a fruit ripens, it remains attached to the parent plant for weeks. During the fall of 2002 I had plants growing (under lights) and none of the ripe fruits fell to the floor. Fruits do eventually fall to the floor (greenhouse plants 2012).

This accession is from Guatemala. Chiquimula: just north of Cerro Mudo, a one hour walk south of the end of a road at 9 km S of junction of Rt. CA12 ... 1,930 m; D. M. Spooner et al. 7038.

Seedlings Have Gland-tipped Hairs: All seedling hairs are uniseriate and unpigmented; droplets of fluid (or viscous secretion) can be seen (with a dissecting microscope) at the tips of all seedling hairs (observed years 2010, 2014).

Demonstration of lack of agamospermy/parthenocarpy: Gregory J. Anderson emasculated 10 flowers on two plants of accession 321 in the University of Connecticut greenhouse, while filaments were short and anthers were undehisced. Zero fruits were set on plants that otherwise abundantly self-set fruit in a pollinator-free greenhouse.

Figure 5. Ripe fruits of 321 are smaller than those of other accessions of J. procumbens (represented by accessions 580 and 599). Units are mm, photo by Emmett P. Varricchio 2012.

Figure 6. Above: Smaller leaf with underside showing, larger leaf with upper side showing. The larger leaf was chosen because it was about the largest healthy leaf. Scanned by T. Mione 17 Aug 2010, accession 321.

Figure 7. Below: Smaller leaf with upperside showing, larger leaf with underside showing. These two leaves are the same leaves shown in Figure 5. Scanned by T. Mione 17 Aug 2010, accession 321.

Crosses. The flower to receive pollen (the dam) was manually emasculated and stigma was checked (with a 14X hand lens) to confirm absence of pollen; after manual pollination the stigma was again checked to confirm the presence of pollen. I did not bag to exclude insect visitors because no insects were seen visiting the flowers both earlier in the season and on the day of the pollinations.
pollen recipient listed before pollen donor	date of cross	result	tag #
321 X 590	11 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 17 Aug 2010	2010 - 3
321 X 590	11 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 17 Aug 2010	2010 - 4
321 X 590	12 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 17 Aug 2010	2010 - 5
321 X 590	17 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 3 Sept 2010	2010 - 8
321 X 590	17 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 23 Aug 2010	2010 - 9
321 X 321	18 Aug 2010	fail. Control for interaccession crosses done on similar dates	2010 - 11
321 X 590	20 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 28 Aug 2010	2010 - 19
321 X 321	20 Aug 2010	fail. Control for interaccession crosses done on similar dates	2010 - 21
321 X 321	20 Aug 2010	fail. Control for interaccession crosses done on similar dates	2010 - 22
321 X 590	28 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 3 Sept 2010	2010 - 31
321 X 590	28 Aug 2010	fail, tag removed 9 Sept 2010	2010 - 32
321 X 321	28 Aug 2010	fail. Control for interaccession crosses done on similar dates	2010 - 33
321 X 321	28 Aug 2010	fail. Control for interaccession crosses done on similar dates	2010 - 34
590 X 321	17 Aug 2010	Showed some ovary expansion on 24 Aug. On 8 September, an immature fruit. On 21 September I noticed that the fruit had fallen off and was nowhere to be found. Aborted or lost.	2010 - 6
590 X 321	17 Aug 2010	Showed some ovary expansion on 24 Aug. On 8 September, an immature fruit. On 21 Sept I noticed that the fruit was still very small for 590, and the fruit dropped off when I gently touched it. I smashed the fruit and I noted that the seeds (with a dissecting microscope) all looked nonviable (very flat/thin).	2010 - 7
590 X 321	27 Aug 2010	Fruit, harvested 10 Oct 2010, gave 13 viable looking seeds and 18 non-viable-looking seeds	no tag number
		Thoughts about the above data: Jaltomata 321 has self-set fruits in the past. Given that crosses of 321 with itself failed, the failure of crosses between accessions is meaningless. It was probably too hot for sexual reproduction. In September 2010, when temperatures were cooler, plants of these accessions prospered.

From Gregory J. Anderson to T.M.

I marked 3 flowers each on two plants of accession 321, and followed them since Monday. All open and in pistillate phase on Monday. On Tues daytime, flowers open (no surprise) and in various phases of H.

Tues NIGHT – flowers open –mostly, and in H state, with anthers connivent around the style (or at least long, and touching each other) – but open. One fl had a slightly less reflexed/rotate corolla – but, in general the fls were all open.
That was not the case for any of the other Jaltomata on benches 1 and 2 – they all had fls where the corolla was ‘closed’ to some extent around the primary sex organs. Most but not all of the 321s were pendant, so presumably would avoid getting wet from rain or dew in that way, but they behaved very differently than the other accessions. I went twice: at 6:30 (dark) and again at 9:30. It seemed that the other species were more closed at the later time than earlier.

Is there any scent? I did not detect any overwhelming scent, but I wonder if the 321s might emit a scent to attract moths? – if they are open at night?

Seed Germination:

accession	planted	germinated	Germination in __ days	Stored Since	Heat Mat On (underneath)
321	2 May 2006	13 or 14 May	11 or 12	2004	probably not
321	30 March 2010	20 April 2010	21	2004	no data
321	28 April 2010	9 May 2010	11	Fall 2004	no data
321	21 October 2014	28 October 2014	7	Fall 2004	yes