|
Jaltomata
procumbens (Cav.) J. L.
Gentry |
Floral Biology |
17 Mar
2016 |
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The information on this page may
be cited as a communication with |
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Table 1. The Corolla Enlarges A
Day After It Opens. |
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|
accession |
mean
petal length while filaments are short and anthers undehisced: pistillate
phase (mm) |
mean
petal length after filaments elongate and anthers dehisce: hermaphroditic
phase (mm) |
two-tailed
P value |
|
320 |
8.78 |
12.72 |
P
< 0.001 |
|
321 |
6.99 |
9.25 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
506 |
7.92 |
9.74 |
P
= 0.0001 |
|
569 |
10.01 |
12.03 |
P
= 0.0002 |
|
580 |
11.83 |
16.22 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
586 |
9.24 |
11.53 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
587 |
7.96 |
10.23 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
599 |
11.97 |
14.94 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
838 |
8.4 |
11.19 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
842 |
8.6 |
11.3 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
844 |
6.9 |
9.13 |
P
< 0.0001 |
|
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Table
2. Evidence of Self-compatibility |
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|
Accession |
Evidence
of Self-compatibility |
* |
date |
|
|
Davis,
page 407 |
|
published 1986 |
|
348, 349, 358,
399 |
Mione, page 46, 1992. The data I used to write my
doctoral dissertaion, viewed again in 2012 for this entry, show fruits
(containing seeds) were produced from manual self-pollinations of flowers of
plants of accessions 348, 349, 358 & 399. |
|
1992 |
|
Bye &
Linares 10219 grown as Mione 456 |
a plant grown indoors under lights
in a basement in the absence of pollinators developed over 20 fruits without
manual or artificial pollination (grown by CCSU student Derek Santoro) |
|
Fall 2009 |
|
Mione
320 |
pollen from a flower in the
hermaphroditic phase was applied to the stigma of a flower in the pistillate
phase (two different plants grown from seed from the same envelope) resulting
in a fruit containing many seeds |
* |
manual pollination # 108 of 2012
at pollinator-free University of Connecticut Greenhouse |
|
Mione
320 |
Plants
abundantly self-set fruits in a pollinator-free greenhouse |
|
2012 University of Connecticut
Greenhouse |
|
Mione
321 |
pollen from a flower in the
hermaphroditic phase was applied to the stigma of a flower in the pistillate
phase (two different plants grown from seed from the same envelope) resulting
in a fruit containing many seeds |
* |
manual pollination # 114 of 2012
at pollinator-free University of Connecticut Greenhouse |
|
Mione
321 |
Plants
abundantly self-set fruits in a pollinator-free greenhouse |
|
2012 University of Connecticut
Greenhouse |
|
R. Bye 10083 grown
as Mione 506 |
pollen from flowers in the hermaphroditic
phase was applied to stigmata of flowers in the pistillate phase on the same
plant; two out of two attemps resulted in fruits containing many seeds |
* |
manual pollinations # 69 & # 71
of 2012 at pollinator-free University of Connecticut Greenhouse |
|
R. Bye 10083 grown
as Mione 506 |
pollen from a flower in the
hermaphroditic phase was applied to the stigma of a flower in the pistillate
phase on the same plant, resulting in a fruit (flower not bagged to exclude
pollinators, and another plant of this accession and plants of other
accesions of this species were nearby, but no pollinators were seen during
many observations). |
* |
manual pollination # 43 of 2012 at
Mione's residence |
|
R. Bye 10083 grown
as Mione 506 |
this row in this table does not
demonstrate SC because two plants were involved: a flower having undehisced
anthers (short stamens) received pollen from a flower of a different plant of
the same accession, resulting in a fruit. |
* |
manual pollination # 107 of 2012
at pollinator-free University of Connecticut Greenhouse |
|
R. Bye 10083 grown
as Mione 506 |
Plants
abundantly self-set fruits in a pollinator-free greenhouse |
|
2012 University of Connecticut
Greenhouse |
|
Mione
569 |
Plants
abundantly self-set fruits in a pollinator-free greenhouse |
|
2012 University of Connecticut
Greenhouse |
|
Mione
586 |
Plants
abundantly self-set fruits in a pollinator-free greenhouse |
|
2012 University of Connecticut
Greenhouse |
|
Mione
587 |
Plants abundantly
self-set fruits in a pollinator-free greenhouse |
|
2012 University of Connecticut
Greenhouse |
|
Mione & Bye
599 |
abundant fruit production in
pollinator-free greenhouse |
|
Summer & Fall 2012, University
of Connecticut |
|
Mione & Bye
599 |
pollen from flowers in the
hermaphroditic phase was applied to the stigma of the same flower; three out
of three attempts resulted in fruits containing many seeds |
|
manual pollinations # 33 & 34,
35 of 2012 at pollinator-free University of Connecticut Greenhouse |
|
Mione & Bye
599 |
pollen from a flower in the
hermaphroditic phase was applied to the stigma of a flower in the pistillate
phase on the same plant, resulting in a fruit containing many seeds |
* |
manual pollination # 32 of 2012 at
pollinator-free University of Connecticut Greenhouse |
|
Mione
842 |
pollen (from a flower in the
hermaphroditic phase) was applied to the stigma of an emasculated flower in
the pistillate phase on the same plant, resulting in a fruit containing 16
seeds |
* |
manual pollination # 21 of 2014 at
pollinator-free CCSU Greenhouse |
|
Mione
842 |
pollen (from a flower in the
hermaphroditic phase) was applied to the stigma of an emasculated flower in
the pistillate phase on the same plant, resulting in a fruit containing many
seeds |
* |
manual pollination # 36 of 2014 at
pollinator-free CCSU Greenhouse |
|
Mione
844 |
pollen (from a flower in the
hermaphroditic phase) was applied to the stigma of an emasculated flower in
the pistillate phase, on the same plant, resulting in a fruit containing 68
seeds |
* |
manual pollination # 19 of 2014 at
pollinator-free CCSU Greenhouse |
|
Demonstration
of lack of agamospermy / parthenocarpy: |
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|
number of flowers |
year |
Number of fruits set |
accession |
Control:
Does this accession abundantly self-set fruits in a pollinator-free
greenhouse if flowers are unmanipulated? |
greenhouse,
researcher |
|
10 |
2012 |
zero |
yes |
Uconn,
Gregory J. Anderson |
|
|
1 |
2014 |
zero |
838 |
no data,
the one plant growing fall 2014 died of insect infestation |
CCSU, T.
M. |
|
5 |
2014 |
zero |
842 |
yes |
CCSU, T.
M. |
|
5 |
2014 |
zero |
844 |
yes |
CCSU, T.
M. |
|
|
|
Evidence
That Pseudogamy Is Not Happening |
|
Interaccession Hybrids Appear
Morphologically Intermediate: Hybridization of morphologically distinct
collections/accessions of J.
procumbens yields F1 plants that are morphologically intermediate
between the parents. For example, in 2013 I grew numerous F1
plants, the progeny of many different pairwise comparisons of morphologically
distinct parental ecotypes. All of the F1 plants were morphologically
intermediate, demonstrating genetic contribution from both the pollen parent
and the ovule parent. Thus, psuedogamy (asexual seed production triggered by
pollination but with no genetic contribution from the pollen) is not part of
the reproductive biology of J. procumbens. |
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How Many
Weeks from Pollination to Ripe fruit? |
|
|
see details listed below as Tag 2014-6 |
between 5 and six weeks |
|
Accession 842: a flower tagged for floral
phenology observtations, see the table below for all data for tag 2014-32 |
between six and seven weeks |
|
Of the six flowers that were tagged (not pollinated by
hand, not emasculated) for observation on 28 & 29 September 2014 (see the
2014 tables of floral phenology, below), five produced ripe fruits containing
numerous seeds, and one flower did not result in a ripe fruit. The fruits
were harvested in November 2014 on or before 12 November |
five to six weeks |
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Floral Phenology
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-1 |
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Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
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|
11 am. The flower was tagged. All but one flower of the inflorescence was carefully removed. Corolla has never been open (corolla is closed) 3:30 pm. Corolla partially open. Anthers undehisced. I can't determine whether or not nectar is present because corolla less than half open. 6:30 pm: corolla closed. |
1:00 pm. Stamens angle out strongly; anthers dehisced and 4 mm away from stigma. Nectar present. |
10:50 am. corolla-androecium dropped completely off prior to this observation. Nearly no pollen on stigma. |
Pistillate for one day, Delayed Self-Pollination may have taken place: on 11
Oct the ovary was about 5 mm diameter, and 16 Oct about 7 mm diam, and 24 and
31 Oct about 7 to 8 mm; |
|
3
Oct 2014 |
4
Oct |
5
Oct |
Mione 842 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-2 |
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Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
11 am. The flower was tagged.All but one flower of the inflorescence was carefully removed. Flower has never been open (corolla is still closed) 3:30 pm. Anthers undehisced. I can't determine whether or not nectar is present because corolla less than half open. 6:30 pm. corolla closed. |
1:00 pm. Stamens angle out strongly; anthers dehisced and 4 mm away from stigma. Nectar present. |
10:50 am. |
Pistillate for one day, Delayed Self-Pollination must have taken place because a partially developed fruit was seen 11 Oct, 16 Oct about 6 mm diam, and 24 and 31 Oct about 7 mm; on 12 Nov I found the tag but no fruit, the developing fruit had fallen off. |
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3
Oct 2014 |
4
Oct 2014 |
5
Oct 2014 |
Mione 842 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-3 |
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Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
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|
The flower was tagged.All but one flower of the inflorescence was carefully removed. 11 am: Corolla closed, never been open. 3:30 pm, 6:30 pm. Same |
1:00 pm. Corolla fully open, so much so that the petals recurve; anthers undehisced. Filaments have started elongating and are 2 - 2.5 mm long not incluiding anther. Pistillate. |
10:50 am, 1: 00 pm. Hermaphroditic. |
8:00 am Corolla withering in place |
Pistillate for one day, The flower aborted, and so apparently self-pollination did not take place (tag removed 16 Oct) |
|
3
Oct 2014 |
4
Oct |
5
Oct |
6
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-4 |
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Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
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|
The flower was tagged.All but one flower of the inflorescence was carefully removed. 11 am: Corolla closed, never been open. 3:30 pm, 6:30 pm. Same |
1:00: Corolla fully open, so much so that the petals recurve; anthers undehisced. Filaments have started elongating and are 2 - 2.5 mm long not incluiding anther.
Pistillate. |
10:50 am. Corolla fully open. 1:00 pm. Corolla fully open. Stamens angle out, 1.5 - 2.5 mm between anthers and stigma. Filaments about 4 mm long. Nectar present.
|
8:00 am Corolla withering in place, not dropping off |
Pistillate for one day, The flower aborted, and so apparently self-pollination did not take place (tag removed 16 Oct) |
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3
Oct 2014 |
4
Oct |
5
Oct |
6
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-5 |
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Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
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|
The flower was tagged. All but one flower of the inflorescence was carefully removed. 11 am, 3:30 pm, 6:30 pm: Corolla closed, never been open.
|
1:00: Corolla fully open, so much so that the petals recurve; anthers undehisced. Filaments have started elongating and are 2 - 2.5 mm long not including anther.
Pistillate. |
10:50 am. Corolla fully open. Hermaphroditic. |
8:00 am Corolla withering in place, not dropping off |
Pistillate for one day, Delayed Self-Pollination must have taken place because a partially developed fruit was seen 16 Oct and 24 Oct about 4 mm diam; unfortunate death of plant while fr was unripe 5 mm diam. |
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3
Oct 2014 |
4
Oct |
5
Oct |
6
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-6 |
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Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged.
Corolla never been open. |
7:30 am. Corolla half open. Filaments about 2 mm long; anthers undehisced. Too dark to determine whether there is or isn't nectar. 10:30 am. Corolla fully open, the petals curving back away from stamens/pistil. Stamens strongly angle out; anthers, at least some of them, beginning to dehisce. 2:00 Anthers all dehisced. Stamens angle out strongly. Nectar present. Corolla open so far that petals are reflexed. 5:00 pm. Corolla 3/4 open, closing for the night. Stamens still angling out. |
9:30
am. |
11:00 am. POLLEN ON MOST OF STIGMA's SURFACE! |
Pistillate for only about three or four hours. Hermaphroditic from day 1 at 10:30 through day 2 Delayed Self-Pollination took place: a developing fruit was seen 16 Oct about 4 mm diam; 24 Oct about 5 mm, 31 Oct about 7 mm diam.; ripe fruit harvested contained normal-looking seeds 18 Nov 2014
|
|
8 Oct 2014 |
9
Oct |
10
Oct |
11
Oct |
Mione 842 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-7 |
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Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
|
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
1:00 pm, 4:45 pm.
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. Corolla never been open. |
8:00 am. Stamens angle out, filaments about 3 mm long; anthers undehisced. Nectar present. 11:00 am. 4 of the 5 anthers dehiscing. Stamens angle out, the filaments about 3.5 mm long. Nectar present. 2:30 p. Stamens angle out strongly, all anthers dehisced. Nectar present. 5:30 pm. Cor closing for the night, about 1/3 closed; nectar present. Stamens angle out even though cor 1/3 closed. |
7:30 am. Corolla nearly fully open. Stamens angle out strongly, anters all dehisced. Nectar present 10:30 am. Corolla open, the petals reflexed. Stamens angle out strongly, anthers all dehisced. 2:00 pm. Anthers all dehisced.
Stamens angle out strongly. Nectar present. Corolla open so far that petals
are reflexed. |
9:30 am, 2:15 pm. Corolla fully open, the petals
curving back away from stamens/pistil. Stamens strongly angle out. |
11:00 am. Corolla abscised prior to
this observation Looks like just a few pollen grains are on the stigma. |
Pistillate for only one morning (day 1), approx four hours. Hermaphroditic from day 1 at 11:00 through day 3 Delayed Self-Pollination took place: I saw a partially developed fruit 16 Oct about 5 mm diam; 24 Oct about 6.5 mm diam; 31 Oct same. A ripe fruit containing 31 seeds was harvested on 21 Nov 2014. |
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7 Oct 2014 |
8
Oct |
9
Oct |
10
Oct |
|
Mione 842 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-8 |
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|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
8 am, 11 am, 2:30 pm, 5:30 pm. |
7:30 am. Corolla closed. 10:30 am. Corolla open more than planar (petals relfexed). Anthers undehisced. Nectar present. 2:00 pm. Anthers all dehisced, otherwise same as 10:30 am. 5 pm. Corolla 3/4 open, closing for the night. |
9:30 am. Corolla fully open, the petals reflexing back away from stamens/pistil. Stamens angle out. Nectar present. 2:17 pm. Even though corolla is all the way open, slightly greater than planar, the stamens angle in, bringing anthers in contact with the stigma. 2:25 pm. Corolla (with stamens attached) dropped off. POLLEN ON STIGMA. |
Pistillate for only approx six hours. Hermaphroditic from day 1 at 2:00 through day 2. Delayed Self-Pollination
must have taken place because I saw a developing fruit 16 Oct about 3 mm diam; 24 Oct about
5 mm diam; 31 oct about 6 mm diameter; |
|
8 Oct 2014 |
9
Oct |
10
Oct |
Mione 842 |
|
CCSU's
greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-9 |
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|
|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
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|
1:00 pm, 4:45 pm All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. Corolla never been open. |
8:00 am. Corolla open about 3/4 of the way. Anthers undehisced. Filaments not yet elongating. 11:00 am. Corolla planar. Nectar present. Anthers undehisced & filaments short. 2:30 pm. same as 11:00 5:30 pm. Corolla closing for the night. Anthers undehisced. |
7:30 am. Corolla half open. Filaments have elongated, anthers undehisced. 10:30 am. Corolla open so far that the petals are reflexed. Stamens angle out. All anthers dehisced. 2:30. Same as 10:30 am. 5:00 pm. Corolla closed stamens causing anthers to touch stigma. |
9:30 am. Corolla abscised prior to
this observation POLLEN ON STIGMA! |
Pistillate for one day, followed by |
|
7 Oct 2014 |
8
Oct |
9
Oct |
10
Oct |
Mione 844 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-10 |
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|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. 1:00 pm, 4:45 pm. Corolla never been open. |
8:00 am. Corolla open about 3/4 of the way. Anthers undehisced. Filaments not yet elongating. 11:00 am. Corolla planar. Nectar present. Anthers undehisced & filaments short. 2:30 pm. Same as 11:00 5:30 pm. Corolla closing for the
night. |
7:30 am. Corolla half open. Filaments have elongated, anthers undehisced. 10:30 am. Corolla open so far that the
petals are reflexed. Stamens angle out. All anthers dehisced. 5 pm. Corolla about half open, closing for the night. |
9:30 am. Corolla flaccid, not closed neatly, but mostly closed. Stamens placing anthers in contact with stigma. 2:20 pm. Corolla (with stamens
attached) fell off (abscised). |
Pistillate for one day, Delayed Self-Pollination
seems to have taken place because a partially developed fruit was seen 16 Oct
about 3 mm diam. |
|
7 Oct 2014 |
8
Oct |
9
Oct |
10
Oct |
Mione 844 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-11 |
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|
|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
summary of one flower's phenology |
|
5 pm. All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. Corolla never been open. |
8:00 am, 11:00 am. 2:30 pm: Corolla half open, nectar present 5:30 pm. Pistillate |
7:30 am. Corolla half open. Filaments elongating, anthers undehisced. 10:30 am. Stamens angle out but not strongly (Figure 21). All anthers dehisced. Nectar present. 2:00 pm. Same as 10:30. 5:00 pm. Corolla half-open. Stamens positioned in such a way that anthers (dehisced) touch stigma. Hermaphroditic |
9:30 am. POLLEN ON STIGMA! |
Pistillate for one day, |
|
7 Oct |
8
Oct 2014 |
9
Oct 2014 |
10
Oct 2014 |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-12 |
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|
|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
|
5 pm. All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. Corolla never been open. |
8:00 am. Cor half open. Filaments short, anthers undehisced. 11:00 am. 2:30. Same as 11:00 5:30 pm. Corolla half open, closing for the night. Anthers undehisced. |
7:30 am. Corolla half open. Filaments elongating, anthers undehisced. Nectar present. 10:30 am. Stamens angle out but not strongly. All anthers dehisced. Nectar present. 2:00. Stamens angle out but not strongly (Figure 21). All anthers dehisced. Nectar present. Petals reflexed. 5:00 pm. Corolla half-open. Stamens positioned in such a way that anthers (dehisced) touch stigma. |
9:30
am. |
Pistillate for one day, hermaphroditic for next day. Did not self-pollinate: Flower aborted without ovary expanding into a fruit; tag removed from plant 15 October 2014 |
|
7 Oct 2014 |
8
Oct |
9
Oct |
10
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-14 |
|||
|
|
Day 1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged.
Corolla never been open. |
8 am. Corolla half open. Anthers undehisced,
filaments about 3 mm long. 2:25 pm. Same as at noon except now two anthers are dehiscing. 5 pm. Corolla half closed. Two anthers have dehisced. |
7:30 am. Cor half open. Not all anthers dehisced, but anthers in contact with stigma. 10:30 am. Stamens mostly angle in, placing dehisced anthers in contact with stigma. 12:30. Corolla abscised. POLLEN ON STIGMA. |
Pistillate for only hours. Hermaphroditic from day 1 at noon through day 2 Delayed Self-Pollination
took place |
|
14 Oct 2014 |
15
Oct |
16
Oct |
Mione 842 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-15 |
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|
|
Day 1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3. |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged.
Corolla never been open. |
8:45 am. Corolla planar. Filaments short, anthers undehisced. Nectar. noon. Petals somewhat reflexed. Anthers undehisced, the slender part of the filaments 1.5 mm long. Nectar. 3 pm. Corolla planar. Anthers undehisced, slender part of filaments 1.5 mm long. Nectar 5:30 pm. Corolla closing for the night. Anthers undehisced, the slender part of the filaments about 3 mm long.
|
8 am. Anthers undehisced. Stamens angle out, filaments about 3 mm long. Noon. Corolla open so far that the lobes recurved. One anther dehiscing; stamens have elongated and angle out (proximal to distal). Nectar 2:25 pm. Same as at noon except now two anthers are dehiscing. 5 pm. Corolla beginning to close: it is subplanar. At least one anther (but definitely not all) is/are dehiscing, the filaments are completely elongated. Stamens angle out. Nectar present. |
7:30 am. Stamens angle slightly in, placing anthers around stigma, but several anthers look undehisced. 10:30 am. Corolla fully open (more than planar). Stamens angle in, placing anthers at stigma, but several anthers remain undehisced. 12:30 pm. Four anthers dehisced, one un. Stamens angle in, placing anthers in contact with stigma. 5:30 pm. Corolla abscised. I don't see pollen on the stigma.
|
Pistillate during day 1.
Ovary did not expand into a fruit; tag removed 31 Oct |
|
13 Oct 2014 |
14
Oct |
15
Oct |
Oct
|
Mione 842 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-16 |
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|
|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
|
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. 3:51 pm. Corolla never been open. |
9:00 am. Corolla has never been open. noon. Corolla open: petals slighty reflexed. Anthers undehisced, filaments short. Nectar. 3:00 pm. Same as noon. 5:30 pm. Corolla closing for the night. Anthers undehisced, filaments short. |
8 am. Corolla open: planar. Anthers undehisced, the filaments about 4 mm long. Stamens angle out at about 10 degrees. noon, 2:25 pm. Petals reflexed. All anthers dehisced, the stamens angle out but not strongly. Nectar 5 pm. Corolla subplanar-- beginning to close. Stamens angle in placing dehisced anthers in contact with stigima. Nectar. |
7:30 am. Corolla dropped off. 10:30 am, 12:30 pm. Possibly some pollen on stigma.
|
Pistillate for one day, day 1. Hermaphrodtic by noon of day 2. The ovary did not expand into a fruit; tag removed 24 Oct. |
|
13 Oct 2014 |
14
Oct |
15
Oct |
16
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-17 |
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|
|
Day 1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
|
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged.
Corolla never been open. |
8 am. Corolla half open. Anthers undehisced, filaments short. noon. Corolla planar. Anthers undehisced, connivent around style, the slender part of the filaments about 1.5 mm long. 2:25 pm. Same as noon except slender part of filament now about 2 mm long. 5:00 pm. Corolla half open. Anthers undehisced. Slender part of filament 3-4 mm long. Nectar. |
7:30 am. Cor about 1/3 open. Anthers undehisced. 10:30 am. Corolla planar. Stamens angle out, slightly; four anthers dehisced, one un. 12:30 pm. All anthers dehisced. Stamens angle out slightly, about 2 mm between stigma and dehisced anthers. 5:30 pm. Corolla most of the way closed, closing for the night. |
10:45
am. Corolla-androecium dropped off. I see pollen all over the stigma with a
14X handlens. |
Pistillate for one full day. Filaments started elongating on day 1 but anthers remained undehisced. Became hermpaphroditic on morning of day 2. Delayed Self-Pollination must have taken place because I saw a partially developed fruit 24 Oct & 28 Oct about 4 --5 mm diam; unfortunate death of plant at end of Oct while fruit unripe. |
|
14 Oct 2014 |
15
Oct |
16
Oct |
17
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-18 |
|||
|
Day 1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. 9:00 am, noon. Corolla has never been open. 3:00 pm. Corolla half open. Anthers undehisced, filaments short. Nectar. 5:30 pm. Corolla closing for the night. Anthers undehisced. |
8 am. Corolla half open. Anthers undehisced, filaments short. noon. Corolla planar. Anthers undehisced, connivent around style, the slender part of the filaments about 1.5 mm long. 2:25 pm. Same as noon except slender part of filament now about 2 mm long. 5:00 pm. Corolla half open, closing for the night. Slender part of filament about 3 to 4 mm long
|
7:30 am. Cor about 1/3 open. All anthers undehisced. 10:30 am. Cor open slightly more than planar. All anthers dehisced; stamens angle out but not strongly. Nectar present. 12:30 pm. Stamens angle out, all anthers dehisced. 1 to 2 mm between dehisced anthers and stigma. Nectar present. 5:30 pm. Corolla dropped off (abscised) prior to this observation. Some pollen on stigma. |
Pistillate one day (and a few hours of the preceding day), becoming hermaphroditic at about 10 am of the following day. Hermaphroditic for approximately one day. Delayed self-pollination took place. Plant died so I could not see if this flower gave a fruit. Tag removed 24 Oct. |
|
14 Oct 2014 |
15
Oct |
16
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-13 |
||||
|
|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
|
5 pm. All but one flower removed from inflorescence; remaining flower tagged. Corolla never been open. |
8:00 am. Cor not yet open 11:00 am. Corolla open fully (lobes reflexed). Anthers undehisced. Nectar present. Slender part of filament about 1 mm long. 2:30. Same as 11:00 5:30 pm. Corolla half open, closing for the night. Anthers undehisced. Pistillate |
7:30 am. Corolla half open. Filaments elongating, anthers undehisced. Nectar present. 10:30 am. Stamens angle out but not strongly. All anthers dehisced. Nectar present. 2:00. Stamens angle out but not strongly (Figure 21). All anthers dehisced. Nectar present. Petals reflexed. 5:00 pm. Corolla half-open. Stamens positioned in such a way that anthers (dehisced) touch stigma. |
9:30 am. POLLEN ON STIGMA! |
Pistillate for one day, |
|
7 Oct 2014 |
8
Oct |
9
Oct |
10
Oct |
Mione 838 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-31 |
||
|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
9:00 am. The flower was tagged. All but one flower of the inflorescence was carefully removed. 12: 30 am. One petal open. 3:30 pm, 6:00 pm. Corolla closed |
8:45 am. Corolla fully open: petals somewhat reflexed. Filaments have elongated but anthers undehisced. Nectar present. 10:08 am. Anthers starting to dehisced, otherwise the same. 12:30 pm. Filaments angle out very strongly positioning pollen away from stigma. All anthers dehisced. Nectar 4:38 pm. Corolla dropped off (abscised). Nearly no pollen on stigma. |
Pistillate part of one day, at the end of October I noticed that the ovary had not expanded, and the flower completely abscised (tag removed 30 Oct) Self-pollination
did not take place, |
|
20
Oct 2014 |
21
Oct |
Mione 842 |
|
grown
in CCSU's greenhouse, one flower, tag 2014-32 |
|||
|
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
|
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
9:00 am. Corolla opened while I was putting on a tag; corolla had not been open previously. All other flowers removed from the inflorescence. 12: 30 am. Corolla rotate. Anthers undehisced. Nectar present. 3:30 pm. Corolla half open. Anthers undehisced. Nectar. 6:00 pm. Corolla nearly closed for the night. |
8:45 am. Corolla fully open: petals somewhat reflexed. Filaments have elongated but anthers undehisced. Nectar present. 10:08 am. Anthers starting to dehisced, otherwise the same. 12:30 pm. Filaments angle out very strongly positioning pollen away from stigma. Four of five anthers dehisced. Nectar 4:40 pm. Corolla mostly closed. Stamens connivent around style placing anthers in a tight group around style with stigma showing at distal end of group of anthers. |
7:45
am. Corolla withered in place. I can't see whether or not pollen got on the
stigma because corolla (withered) blocks view. |
Pistillate for one day,
Delayed Self-Pollination Took Place: a ripe fruit containing 30 seeds was harvested on 4 Dec. |
|
20
Oct 2014 |
21
Oct |
|
Mione 842 |
|
Day |
Time |
2014 |
Observations
on Two Tagged Flowers. |
|
|
|
28 Sep |
11:00 am |
flowers not yet open |
All but one flower was removed from
each inflorescence for tagging, and corolla has never opened (still closed). |
|
1 |
29 Sep |
8:00 am |
pistillate |
Cor half way to nearly fully open.
Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
|
|
noon |
pistillate |
Cor planar (flat). Anthers undehisced
and
filaments very short. Nectar drops present where corolla
meets androecium. |
|
|
|
5 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now half way
open. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
|
|
7: 30 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now closed
or mostly closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
2 |
30 Sep |
8:30 am |
pistillate |
Corolla fully open (planar), anthers undeshiced, filaments continue as yesterday to be very short, and nectar present. |
|
|
|
11:00 |
pistillate |
Cor planar, nectar present, filaments
short, anthers undehisced. |
|
|
|
2:30 |
pistillate |
Cor planar to planar with lobes
reflexed, nectar present, filaments short, anthers undehisced. |
|
|
|
5:45 |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now mostly
closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments short. |
|
3 |
1 Oct |
8:00 am |
pistillate |
Cor about half open, filaments have
elongated to 4 mm but anthers have not yet dehisced. |
|
|
|
11:00 am. |
hermaph |
Corolla fully open. Anthers dehisced;
stamens angle out, proximal to distal, anthers are 1 - 2 mm from stigma. Pollen
is on the stigma (with a 10X hand lens) of one of the two flowers. |
|
|
|
6 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Cor closing. Stamens bend in,
bringing dehisced anthers in a tight circle around the style just proximal to
the stigma. At least some of the filaments are bowed, contributing to the
placement of the dehisced anthers in a tight circle around the style. |
|
4 |
2 Oc |
7:30 am |
|
Cor had dropped off completely prior
to this observation; pollen visible on stigma with hand lens. |
|
|
Summary |
Flowers were open for three days. The flowers were pistillate
the first two days (filaments short, anthers closed). The third day flowers
became hermaphroditic, involving rapid filament elongation in the morning
followed by anther dehiscence sometime between 8:00 and 11:00 am. Of the six flowers that were tagged (not pollinated by hand, not emasculated) for observation on 28 & 29 September 2014 (this table and the tables of the same color below), five produced ripe fruits containing numerous seeds, and one flower did not result in a ripe fruit. The fruits were harvested in November 2014 on or before 12 November, and thus it took five to six weeks for pollination-fertilization-ovary expansion-mature fruit. |
|
Day |
2014 |
Time |
|
Observations
on One Tagged Flower. |
|
|
28 Sep |
11:00 am |
flowers not yet open |
All but one flower was removed from
each inflorescence for tagging, and corolla has never been open. |
|
1 |
29 Sep |
8:00 am |
pistillate |
Cor half way to nearly fully open.
Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
|
|
|
|
noon |
pistillate |
Cor fully open (planar, flat).
Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
|
|
|
|
5 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, cor half way
open. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
|
|
|
|
7: 30 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now closed
or mostly closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
2 |
30 Sep |
8:30 am |
pistillate |
Filaments have elongated today and are now 4 mm long, nectar present, anthers undehisced. |
|
|
|
11:00 |
hermaphroditic |
Filaments have elongated today and
are now 4.5 mm long, nectar present, anthers in the process of dehiscing. |
|
|
|
2:30 |
hermaphroditic |
Filaments have elongated today and
are now 4.5 mm long, nectar present, filaments angle out orienting the
dehisced anthers away from the stigma. |
|
|
|
5:48 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Stamens bend in, bringing dehisced
anthers in a tight circle around the style just proximal to the stigma. At
least some of the filaments are bowed, contributing to the placement of the
dehisced anthers in a tight circle around the style, just proximal to the
stigma. |
|
3 |
1 Oct |
8:00 am, 11:00 am. |
hermaphroditic |
Corolla about 70% open (8 am); fully
open (11 am, 2:30 pm). Stamens bend in, bringing dehisced anthers in a tight
circle around the style just proximal to the stigma. At least some of the
filaments are bowed, contributing to the placement of the dehisced anthers in
a tight circle around the style. I don't see pollen on the stigma (with a 10X
hand lens) because the stigma is exserted about 0.5 mm beyond the anthers
(anthers in a circle). |
|
|
|
6 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Cor mostly closed. Stamens bend in,
bringing dehisced anthers in a tight circle around the style just proximal to
the stigma. |
|
4 |
2 Oc |
7:30 am |
|
Cor-androecium unit had dropped off
completely prior to this observation |
|
|
Summary |
Flower was open for three days. The flowers were pistillate
the first day (filaments short, anthers undehisced). The 2nd day flowers
became hermaphroditic, involving rapid filament elongation in the morning
followed by anther dehiscence about 11:00 am. |
|
Day |
2014 |
Time |
|
Observations
on One Tagged Flower. |
|
1 |
28 Sep |
11:00 am |
pistillate |
Corolla starting to open for the
first time. |
|
2 |
29 Sep |
8:00 am |
pistillate |
Cor half way to nearly fully open.
Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
|
|
noon |
pistillate |
Cor planar. Anthers undehisced and
filaments very short. Nectar drops present where corolla
meets androecium. |
|
|
|
5 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now half way
open. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
|
|
7: 30 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now closed
or mostly closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
3 |
30 Sep |
8:30 am |
pistillate |
Corolla open most of the way, filaments have elongated to 5 mm, all five anthers are in the process of simultaneously dehiscing, and nectar is present. |
|
|
|
11 am. |
hermaphroditic |
Corolla fully open, filaments angling
out orienting the dehisced anthers away from the stigma, nectar present. |
|
|
|
5:51 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Stamens bend in, bringing dehisced
anthers in a tight circle around the style just proximal to the stigma. At
least some of the filaments are bowed, contributing to the placement of the
dehisced anthers in a tight circle around the style, just proximal to the
stigma. |
|
4 |
1 Oct |
8:00 am |
The corolla-androecium must have
abscised very recently because the corolla has not withered and has not yet
dropped away (it is still on the flower, but is not physically attached),
apparently held on because the stamens had come in tightly around the style.
The most gentle pull (with forceps) resulted in the cor-androecium coming
completely free, and I can see (with a 10X hand lens) pollen on the stigma. |
|
|
|
|
11 am, 2:30 pm, 6 pm |
no change |
|
|
|
Summary |
This flower was open for three days. The flower was
pistillate the first two days (filaments short, anthers closed). The third
day flowers became hermaphroditic, involving rapid filament elongation in the
morning followed by anther dehiscence at 8:30 am. |
|
Day |
2014 |
Time |
|
Observations
on One Tagged Flower. Tag Red2. |
|
|
29 Sep |
8:00 am. |
flowers
not yet open |
All but one flower was removed from
each inflorescence for tagging, and corolla has never been open. |
|
1 |
30 Sep |
8:30 am |
pistillate |
Corolla partially open to nearly
fully open. Anthers undehisced. Nectar present. |
|
|
|
11:00 am |
pistillate |
Corolla nearly fully open (nearly
planar). Anthers undehisced. |
|
|
|
5:53 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now closed
or mostly closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
2 |
1 Oct |
8 am |
pistillate |
Corolla partially open. Anthers
undehisced. Nectar present. |
|
|
|
11 am |
pistillate |
Corolla fully open (planar).
Filaments short, anthers undehisced. |
|
|
|
6 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now closed
or mostly closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
3 |
2 Oc |
7:30 am |
pistillate |
Cor about half open. Filaments have
already elongated, now about 4 mm long, anthers still closed. |
|
|
|
11:00 am |
hermaphroditic |
Filaments angle out, proximal to distal, away from the style. The anthers dehiscing. |
|
|
|
1:00 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Filaments angle out but only
slightly, proximal to distal, away from the style. The anthers have dehisced
(are presenting pollen). |
|
|
|
4:00 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Corolla completely open. |
|
|
|
6:15 pm |
hermaphrod |
Corolla closing, about half open.
Anthers connivent around style because stamens angle in towards style, the
stigma exserted about 1 mm beyond the dehised anthers |
|
4 |
3 Oct |
8:22 & 10:45 am |
|
Corolla half open, anthers in contact with stigma because stamens angle in. |
|
|
|
3:30 pm |
|
cor closed but not senesced. |
|
|
|
6:30 pm |
|
corolla-androecium unit abscised |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
Corolla was open for ___ days. The flowers were pistillate the
first two days (filaments short, anthers closed). The third day flowers
became hermaphroditic, involving rapid filament elongation in the morning
followed by anther dehiscence. |
|
Day |
2014 |
Time |
|
Observations
on One Tagged Flower. |
|
29 Sep |
8:00 am. |
flowers
not yet open |
All but one flower was removed from
each inflorescence for tagging, and corolla has never been open. |
|
|
1 |
30 Sep |
8:30 am |
pistillate |
Corolla partially open to nearly
fully open. Anthers undehisced. Nectar present in both flowers. |
|
|
11:00 am |
pistillate |
Corolla nearly fully open (nearly
planar). Anthers undehisced. |
|
|
|
5:53 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now closed
or mostly closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
|
2 |
1 Oct |
8 am |
pistillate |
Corolla partially open. Anthers
undehisced. Nectar present. |
|
|
11 am |
pistillate |
Corolla fully open (planar). Filaments
short, anthers undehisced. |
|
|
|
6 pm |
pistillate |
Cor closing for the day, now closed
or mostly closed. Anthers undehisced and filaments very short.
I did not look for nectar. |
|
|
3 |
2 Oc |
7:30 am |
pistillate |
Cor about half open. Filaments have
already elongated, about 4 mm long, anthers still closed. |
|
|
11:00 am |
hermaphroditic |
Filaments angle out, proximal to distal, away from the style. The anthers dehiscing. |
|
|
|
1:00 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Filaments angle out but only slightly,
proximal to distal, away from the style. The anthers have dehisced (are
presenting pollen). |
|
|
|
4:00 pm |
hermaphroditic |
Corolla closing, anthers very close to or touching stigma |
|
|
|
6:15 pm |
hermaphrod |
Corolla closing, about half open.
Anthers connivent around style because stamens angle in towards style, the
stigma exserted about 1 mm beyond the dehised anthers |
|
|
4 |
3 Oct |
8:22 am |
|
Cor dropped off; pollen visible on stigma |
|
|
|
|
Summary |
Corolla was open for three days. The flowers were pistillate the
first two days (filaments short, anthers closed). Flower became
hermaphroditic on day three, involving rapid filament elongation in the
morning followed by anther dehiscence. |
|
One
flower grown outdoors in Connecticut |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
|
summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
8 am & 4 pm: The flower was tagged. |
8:30 am: |
8:45
am: |
Corolla-androecium
abscised: |
Pistillate for one day, followed by |
|
7
August 2012 |
8
August |
9
August |
10
August |
Mione 587 |
|
Mione 599,
grown outdoors in Connecticut, two flowers |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
|
Summary of phenology of two
flowers |
|
The flowers were tagged.
|
8:00 am: |
8:00
am: |
8:30 am: Corolla-androecium abscised: |
Pistillate for one day, followed by |
|
5
August 2012 |
6
August 2012 |
7
August 2012 |
8
August 2012 |
|
|
Mione 569,
grown outdoors in Connecticut, one flower |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
|
Summary of one flower's
phenology |
|
8 am, 2 pm,
The flower was tagged. Flower has never been open (corolla is still closed) |
8:00 am:
4 pm: |
8:30 am: 10:15: 2:45: 4:45: |
8:45 am: Corolla-androecium abscised; |
Pistillate for one day, followed by |
|
6
August 2012 |
7
August 2012 |
8
August 2012 |
9
August 2012 |
|
|
Mione 569,
grown outdoors in Connecticut, one flower |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
|
Summary of one flower's phenology |
|
Flower has never been open (corolla still closed), and was tagged |
8:00 am: |
8:00
am: |
8:30 am: Corolla-androecium abscised; |
pistillate for one day, followed by |
|
5
August 2012 |
6
August 2012 |
7
August 2012 |
8
August 2012 |
|
|
Mione 506,
grown outdoors in Connecticut, two flowers |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
|
Summary of phenology of two flowers |
|
Flowers have never been open (corolla still closed), and were tagged |
8:00 am: |
8:00
am: |
8:30 am: Corolla-androecium abscising and
sliding down style; |
pistillate for one day, followed by |
|
5
August 2012 |
6
August 2012 |
7
August 2012 |
8
August 2012 |
|
|
Mione 587,
grown in CCSU greenhouse, one flower, data collected by Emmett Varricchio |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
|
Summary of one flower's phenology |
|
2:10
pm: |
10:25
am: |
10:40
am: |
10:25
am: |
Pistillate for one day, |
|
4
September 2012 |
5
September 2012 |
6
September 2012 |
7
September 2012 |
|
|
Mione 506,
grown in CCSU greenhouse, one flower, data collected by Emmett Varricchio |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
summary of one flower's phenology |
|
2:10
pm: |
10:25
am: |
10:40
am: |
10:25
am: |
Pistillate for one day, delayed self-pollination during late afternoon day 2 or morning of day 3. |
|
4
September 2012 |
5
September 2012 |
6
September 2012 |
7
September 2012 |
|
|
Mione 569,
grown in CCSU greenhouse, data collected by Emmett Varricchio |
|||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Summary
of one flower's phenology |
|
9:45
am: |
9:15
am: |
10:30
am: |
Pistillate for one day, delayed self-pollination during day 2. |
|
24
September 2012 |
25
September 2012 |
26
September 2012 |
|
|
Mione 599,
grown in CCSU greenhouse, data collected by Emmett Varricchio |
||||
|
Day
0 |
Day
1 |
Day
2 |
Day
3 |
Summary
of phenology of five flowers |
|
5:00
pm: |
10:50
am: |
10:20
am: |
10:45
am: |
Pistillate
for one to two days, |
|
8
October 2012 |
9
October 2012 |
10
October 2012 |
11
October 2012 |
|