ventricosa

Jaltomata ventricosa (Baker) Mione

Peru

revised Aug 2023

The information on this page may be cited as a personal communication with Thomas Mione (Biology Department, Central Connecticut State Uiversity, New Britain, CT 06050-4010) and Segundo Leiva G.
Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Av. América Sur 3145, Casilla postal 1075, Trujillo Peru.

Brittonia 45(2):
138-145. 1993.

Link to the Jaltomata of La Libertad, Peru

Link to Jaltomata of northern Peru

Link to chromosome count

Link to local names including of this species

Link to list of Jaltomata species having edible fruits including this species

Link to table of Jaltomata species having red / orange nectar

Figure 1, above. Jaltomata ventricosa flower. Note the ripe or nearly ripe fruit at lower left. All anthers have dehisced. Photo by T. Mione Mione 867 in Peru.

Figure 2, above. Jaltomata ventricosa flowers. Note that the anthers of a flower do not dehisce simultaneously. Photo by T. Mione 867 in Peru.

Figure 3, above. Jaltomata ventricosa. Note that the anthers of a flower do not dehisce simultaneously and that anthers of the longer stamens dehisced first.
Photo by T. Mione 867 in Peru.

Table 1. Description of Jaltomata ventricosa

Character	Description	Figures on this page
Habit & Height	Erect perennial shrub to 1.5 m high
Branches, young	sparsely to densely pubescent depending on the specimen, the hairs both finger and dendritic all not- gland-tipped
older	glabrate
Leaves, size	blade to 6.5 cm long by 4.5 cm wide; the upper surface bright green
shape	ovate, acute; entire or less commonly sinuate-dentate or toothed with no more than 3 teeth per margin
hairs		hypocotyl and cotyledons of seedlings are pubescent with unpigmented conspicuously gland-tipped finger hairs (Oct 2016, Mione et al. 867)
petiole
Inflorescence	usually 1-2 (-4) flowered, sometimes branched on cultivated plants from seed of Leiva 138 but not mentioned in the protologue nor shown in the lectotype. Flowers nodding from 45 degrees below horizontal to pendent. Flower buds triangular when viewed perpendicular to bud's length.	During the summer of 2017 an outdoor plant of 867 had 4 to 6 flowers per inflorescence, higher than seen previously. However, flowers were not developing properly, for example stamens of flowers of wild plants are exserted (Figures 1, 2, 3) but the flowers on the plant of 867 in the summer of 2017 were not long enough to be exserted.
peduncle	4 - 9 mm long; green; terete
pedicel	7 - 16 mm long; always longer than peduncle to which it is attached; green; terete
Calyx at flowering	shiny green abaxially; to 3.4 cm across, lobe radius 9.5-10 mm; sinus radius 3-5 mm.	"across" means lobe tip to lobe tip
shape / position when flowering	rotate
at fruit maturity		Figure 9
Corolla color	whitish to pale yellow, the base of the flower filling with orange-red nectar visible through the corolla
green spots	no
purple ring	no
purple in base of corolla	yes: the base of the tube pigmented purple
shape and size	the tube urceolate 8-10 mm long; the limb completely and outwardly recurved, 12-14.5 mm diameter
lobes/lobules	10-total, the lobes and lobules alternating, as shown in the bottom left of the lectoype illustration below
hairs	the throat of the corolla is pilosulose
radial thickenings	yes
Stamen length including anther	13 -- 22 mm on living flowers, 12 -- 19 mm estimated from intact flowers on herbarium specimens
length stamens exserted beyond distal end of corolla (applicable if corolla has a well-defined tube)	7 -- 9 mm
base expanded laterally?	Yes, as seen in ventral view
filaments	whitish, slender part pubescent on basal half; the hairs purple, dendritic, to 0.7 mm long
anther color	yellow, the connective green	Figure 10
anther size	undehisced 2.6-3.0 mm long X 2.0-2.2 mm wide; dehisced 2-2.3 mm long, sagittate at base.
anther mucronate / mucronulate	no	originally scored as "no" with field-collected specimen, and confirmed Sept 2017 with cultivated plant of Mione et al. 867
insertion of filament into anther	Directly up and into the anther. More of the filament is revealed in ventral view than in dorsal view.	Figure 10
anthers with temporally staggered dehiscence ?	yes	Mione et al. 712, 867
pollen quantity per flower
pollen grain size
corona	no
Stigma	not bilobed, scarcely wider than the style, exserted beyond anthers up to 5 mm
Style	13.8-15.7 mm long, to 28.5 mm long (Mione et al. 867)
Ovary
Nectar	Orange-Red
Herkogamy	Yes
Protogyny	Yes
Fruit color (at maturity) and size	orange (based on observations both in greenhouse in U.S.A. and in Peru) 9 X 11.3 mm (in greenhouse, one fruit) to 15 mm diam pressed specimens	3
Seeds per fruit	59 in pollinator-free greenhouse (one fruit) 57 seeds in one fruit (wild-collected, Mione et al. 867)
Seed Size	Length: 1.4 - 1.67; Width 1.16 - 1.42; Thickness 0.44 - 0.52 mm	field-collected seeds
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit?	no data
Ratio of pollen to ovules	no data
Character	Description of Jaltomata ventricosa

Character	Description
Growability in Connecticut, USA	Did not do well in the heat of the summer but in September outdoor plants looked quite healthy and floriferous	no data
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit?	no data	no data
Flowers Closing For The Night?	No	Observation (on Mione et al. 867) by Mione at 9:00 pm in September of 2017
Self-Compatible?	no data	no data
Seed Germination	Seeds planted 6 Sept 2016 first germinated 28 Sept: 22 days until the first above-ground evidence of germination. However, new seedlings were noted/recorded in January and February of 2017, four to nearly five months after seeds were planted. A heat mat was used for about a month, but no heat mat was used after about one month.	Mione 867
Pollen quantity per flower
Ovules per ovary	118-181	n = 3 ovaries
Ratio of pollen to ovules
Chromosome number	n = 12	Mione et al. (1993)
Character	*Jaltomata ventricosa*

year	History
1870	Hebecladus ventricosus Baker was described, without mention of a type locality and without reference to a particular herbarium specimen. The black and white illustration shown on this page (Figure 4) is part of the protologue. The illustration was almost certainly that of a cultivated plant, because at the end of the protologue we can read "It thrives well, cultivated in a cool greenhouse, grown in sandy loam and peat, and allowed plenty of pot room." According to the protologue "Mr. Farris" made the type collection, at least the seeds that were used to grow the plant that was illustrated (below).	Refugium botanicum; or, figures and descriptions ... 3: t. 208. (Refug. Bot.)
1962	Macbride's description (in English) of H. ventricosus Baker is essentially the same as the description in the protologue.	Flora of Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13: Part V-B, No. 1. Page 39.
1992	Mione made the new combination Jaltomata ventricosa (Baker) Mione in his doctoral dissertation, and redescribed the species.	Systematics and evolution of Jaltomata (Solanaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, Univeristy of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut. pages 113 - 115.
1993	The illustration lower on this page (Figure 4) became the lectotype, and the new combination Jaltomata ventricosa (Baker) Mione was validly published. In this paper berries were described as edible, while in the protologue they were described as poisonous.	Brittonia 45(2): 138 - 145.
1998	Segundo Leiva González illustrated and described (in Spanish) Jaltomata ventricosa (Baker) Mione in his masters thesis. Leiva's illustration of the corolla shows only 5 lobes, while his description mentions 10. The protologue shows and describes lobes and lobules alternating, totaling 10, also observed by Mione (1992) and Mione et al. (1993).	Las especies del genero Jaltomata Schlech. (Solanaceae: Solaneae) del norte de Peru. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Escuela de Post-Grado, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Maestría en Botánica Tropical, Lima, Peru, pages 16 - 19.
2018	Segundo Leiva González et al. listed this species (page 720 & 753) as growing in the Shamana archaeological complex	Arnaldoa 25(2): 703-756.

Known only from Peru, Department La Libertad, altitude usually 2,900-3,500 m. Flowering Dec., Jan, Feb., May, June. Roadsides, rock walls, and rocky areas.

Province	Locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector	Data Entry
Sanchez Carrion*	Near Humachuco	3,500	dry banks, roadside	3 Dec 1936	J. West 8193 (GH)	Feb 2007
Sanchez Carrion	in Quebrada del Diablo, ca. 500 m up canyon, a few km SW of Huamachuco, on road to Quiruvilco, 78.05 W, 7.8 S	3,040	organic soil among stones, among thorny bushes	21 Mar 1999	D. M. Spooner, A. Salas, R. Torres, K. Schüler 7324a (US, WIS)	Nov 2018
Santiago de Chuco	Quiruvilca	3,963**	banks of road	"9.1.64"	S. G. E. Saunders 952 (K)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Tamobamba (handwriting not legible)	2,700	borde de carretera	13 Nov 1966	M. Román V. (US)	Sep 2010
Otuzco	Cerro Ragache (Salpo)	3,200	al pié de rocas	23 May 1984	A. Sagástegui A. et al. 11574 (MO NY)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	San Miguel (camino Salpo-Samne)	2,500**	borde de carretera	5 June 1990	S. Leiva & P. Leiva 118 (F HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Salpo - Shitahuara (Al norte de Salpo)	3,100	cerco de piedras	15 June 1990	S. Leiva 138 (F NY); grown for study as Mione 535	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Cerro de los Enamorados (Al norte de Salpo)	3,380	base de rocas	12 June 1991	S. Leiva & P. Leiva 329 (HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Cerro de los Enamorados (al norte de Salpo)	3,450	ladera	26 May 1993	S. Leiva et al. 733 (F, HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Abajo de San Miguel (ruta a Samne)	2,900	cerco de piedras, en borde de carretera	27 May 1993	S. Leiva et al. 743 (HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Abajo de Shitahuara (al norte de Salpo)	3,050	ladera con abundante arbustos	15 June 1993	S. Leiva 788 (HAO NY)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Agallpampa - Chanchacap	2,920	borde de carretera	7 Jan 1994	S. Leiva et al. 961 (HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Alrededores de Salpo	3,300	borde de chacra	7 Jan 1994	S. Leiva et al. 981 (F)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Shitahuara (al norte de Salpo)	3,300	borde de camino, entre arbustos de Franseria	13 June 1994	S. Leiva et al. 1151 (HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Abajo de Shitahuara (al norte de Salpo)	3,320	cerco de piedras	13 June 1994	S. Leiva et al. 1185 (F HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Base del Cerro Quinga (al este de Salpo)	3,500	borde de carretera	1 May 1995	S. Leiva G. 1723 (HAO)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	alrededores de Chota - Motil	3,300	riachuelo entre Rubus robustus, Passiflora peduncula	8 Feb 1997	S. Leiva & V. Quipuscoa 1928 (F)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	abajo de San Miguel (ruta Salpo-Samne)	3,070	borde de chacra de Solanum tuberosum	11 May 1997	S. Leiva G. 1979 (F)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	in a valley below the big waterfall above town of Yamobamba, 07.98 W, 78.51 S	2,539	near stream under trees	18 March 1999	D. M. Spooner, A. Salas, R. Torres & K. Schüler 7315b (WIS)	Nov 2018
Otuzco	not recorded in field notebook. We were near the site of collection of J. bernardelloana 640	no data	no data	11-12 June 1999	Mione, Leiva & Yacher 641 (only seeds were collect and photo above)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Agallpampa. 7 58 56 S, 78 32 54 W	3,106	roadside	9 June 2005	Mione, Leiva & Yacher 712 (not pressed, no seeds, photos only)	Feb 2007
Otuzco	Base of Cerro Quinga 8 03 58.5 S, 78 34 28.4 W	3,755	roadside	21 May 2015	Mione, Leiva & Yacher 867 (pressed specimen lost); S. Leiva et al. 5900 (HAO)	Jun 2015

* Province not mentioned on specimen, added by Tom Mione. On a map one can see Huamachuco, not the spelling on the herbarium specimen (Humachuco).
** Lowest and highest altitudes recorded.

Figure 4, above. Jaltomata ventricosa. Back (abaxial face) of calyx to show shape and color of sepal. Photo by T. Mione 867 in Peru.

Figure 5, above. Jaltomata ventricosa flower. Note that the anthers of a flower do not dehisce simultaneously. Units on ruler are mm.
Photo by T. Mione 867 in Peru.

Figure 6. Lectotype of Jaltomata ventricosa

Figure 7, at left: Inflorescence

Note:
a) the base of the urceolate corolla
is filled with red-orange nectar
visible through the wall
of the corolla!
b) corolla has both lobes (5)
and lobules (5) alternating
with each other
c) anthers have dehisced
d) stigma is darker green
than the style,
and is exserted beyond
the dehisced anthers.

The flower bud (on the right) shows the corolla
emerging from the calyx, while the flower
bud in the center has a closed calyx,
and so is a younger bud.

Plant grown in Connecticut USA
from seeds collected in Peru, Mione 535

Figure 8, at right: Developmental Sequence: Flowers from left to right are about
a day older

Note how when a flower begins
to open the distal end of the corolla is not
recurved, but becomes
recurved.

Only the
flower on the right has
dehisced anthers
and copious red nectar.

Units along the top of photo are mm.

Flowers on glass to prevent shadow,
photo by T. Mione

Figure 9. Fruit

Mione, Leiva & Yacher 641

Photo taken in Peru by T. Mione

More photos of this species can be seen
in Sagástegui Alva et al. (2003, page 228).

Figure 10. Ventral view of anther on left. Dorsal (outer) view on right. Units on right are mm. Photo by T. Mione of anthers from a plant grown outdoors summer and fall of 2017, Mione et al. 867.

Nectar volumes and sugar concentrations for J. ventricosa.

mm of nectar in microcapillary tube	microliters of nectar	dilution with water if any	raw refractometer reading if applicable	Sugar concentration	Date	Temperature	Refractometer	Previous Nectar Removal*	Humidity
178	68.5	no dilution		11.3	14 September 2017	26 C	Milwaukee MA871	not by a person	60%
88	33.9	1:1	6.0	12	14 September 2017	26 C	Milwaukee MA871	not by a person	60%
225	86.6	no dilution		10.8	14 September 2017	26 C	Milwaukee MA871	not by a person	60%
125	48.1	1:1 dilution	5.5	11	14 September 2017	26 C	Milwaukee MA871	not by a person	60%
145	55.8	no dilution		11.1	14 September 2017	26 C	Milwaukee MA871	not by a person	60%
151	58.1	no dilution		11	28 October 2017	16 C	Bellingham & Stanley 45-81	not by a person	not recorded

Each row in the above table contains data for one flower, harvested from a plant grown outdoors in Connecticut.
*Given that the plants were grown outdoors, it is possible that nectar was removed by a floral visitor prior to this measurement. Floral visitors/pollinators had not been excluded.
Nectar appeared orange to light-orange in the microcapillary tubes.
Flowers were of unknown age but were all in the hermaphroditic phase and thus none of the flowers sampled were day 1 (pistillate-phase) flowers.
Mione et al. 867
The plant was in a pot that was burried about 4/5 in the ground. By the dates these measurements were made, the plant almost certainly rooted through the bottom of its pot into the ground. The plant was irrigated on a daily schedule all summer, but did not grow well in the summer heat.