Jaltomata herrerae (C. V. Morton) Mione |
Peru and Bolivia |
revised May 2023 |
Link to Jaltomata homepage |
The information on this page may be cited as a communication with professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050-4010 USA, and Segundo Leiva G., Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Av. América Sur 3145, Casilla postal 1075, Trujillo, Peru |
Revista Univ. (Cuzco) 33(87): 96. 1944-1945. |
Link to the Jaltomata of southern Peru |
Link to chromosome count |
Link to edible Jaltomata species |
Link to a reported medicinal use | Link to local names of Jaltomata species |
| Jaltomata dilloniana S. Leiva is here treated as a synonym of J. herrerae. Jaltomata herrerae has several flowers per inflorescence (up to 6 but usually 2 or 3) while the flowers of the type specimen of J. dilloniana are solitary (Leiva 2006). The type specimens of J. dilloniana have not been studied by T. M. |
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Figure 1. Flower of Jaltomata herrerae showing red nectar and three of five anthers dehisced (Type locality but not type collection, T. Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
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2. (T. Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
3. Side-view, anthers undehisced (T. Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
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4. Corolla removed to show stamens (anthers undehsiced) surrounding style and ovary (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
5. Intact flower from a side view, showing sepals (darker green) below corolla (light green) (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
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6. Flowers, leaves and branches of Jaltomata herrerae growing in rocks in town (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 802, ruler 21 cm long rests on branch, photo by Thomas Mione) |
7. Flower, leaves and branches of Jaltomata herrerae (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 802, smallest units on ruler are mm, photo by Thomas Mione) |
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8.This corolla was removed from a flower and placed upside down to show purple pigment in the corolla tissue of the five nectar troughs! The purple pigment remains (it is part of the corolla) even when the nectar (red) has been removed! (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, units on vertical ruler are mm, photo by Thomas Mione) |
9. Back of flower. Sepals are dark-green while corolla is light green. The two visual beacons (nectar and the purple pigment shown at left) together show through the sepals! (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
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10. Leaves at upper left and lower right are upside down (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, smallest units on ruler are mm, photo by Thomas Mione) |
11. Leaves at upper left and lower right are upside down (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, smallest units on ruler are mm, photo by Thomas Mione) |
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12. It was clear that the roadside vegetation had been cut by a highway crew, and J. herrerae was taking advantage of the light and reduced competition, growing rapidly and flowering (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
13. Ovary revealed by removal of corolla and stamens; orange disk, presumably the nectary, around base of ovary (Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
Morphological Description:
| Character | Description | Figures |
Habit & Height |
Shrub | |
Branches, young |
green, sparsely pubescent, the hairs finger (simple) or forked |
7 |
older |
woody, brown, to 1 cm diam |
|
Leaves, blade texture & size |
10, 11 | |
| blade shape including margin | 10,11 | |
| hairs | pubescent on both faces, the hairs nearly all of the finger morph, concentrated on veins, all non-gland-tipped |
|
| petiole | 10,11 | |
Inflorescence |
flowers 2 (protologue); -3 (Mione 563); -6 at type locality (Mione et al. 801) |
3 |
peduncle |
green, pubescent, finger hairs unpigmented, non-gland-tipped, to 3 cm long, terete |
3,9,11 |
pedicel |
green, pubescent, finger hairs unpigmented, non-gland-tipped, to 1 cm long, having 5 raised longitudinal ridges evident with a hand lens |
3, 9, 11 |
Calyx at flowering, color & size |
green on both sides, 21 to 26 mm diam on pressed specimens | 9 |
| shape / position during anthesis | stellate, the lobes noticeably longer than wide; sepals somewhat reflexed | 3, 5 |
| hairs | the outer surface pubescent, the hairs nonpigmented, non-gland-tipped, finger or forked |
|
| at fruit maturity | reaching 4 cm across (with ripe fruit, Mione 564) | |
| Corolla color | light green, the lobes darker than lobules Macbride (1962) incorrectly gave the corolla color as "white" |
|
| green spots | no | |
| purple ring | no | |
| purple in base of corolla | purple pigmentation in base of nectar troughs is revealed only by removal of nectar from the nectar troughs, or by inversion of removed corolla. | Figure 8 |
| shape and size | broadly campanulate, 1 - 1.5 cm long fresh material, depending on how it is pressed up to 2 cm long X 3-3.5 cm wide;
4 cm wide (fresh flower, Mione 564) |
14, 15 |
| lobes / lobules | 10-lobed: the lobes and lobules alternating | |
| hairs | interior pilosulose only at distal end, exterior having finger or forked hairs unpigmented and non-gland-tipped on nerves |
|
Yes, from stamen's base toward corolla's sinus/lobule |
1, 4, 7, 11 | |
Stamen length including anther |
15 mm fresh, 12 - 14 mm on holotype, unequal in length until anthers dehisce | |
| length stamens exserted beyond distal end of corolla (applicable if corolla is tubular or campanulate) | 10 mm | |
| position of stamens: a) before anthers dehisce, b) after anthers dehisce | a) connivent; b) connivent | |
| base expanded laterally? | yes, as viewed from the ovary (ventral view) | Figure 19 |
| filaments | light-green, unequal in length at least at the type locality, nearly glabrous (Mione 801) | Figure 19 |
| anther color | yellow but connective green from dorsal view, wider below midlength, | |
| anther size | 1.725 mm long (Herrera 3088) | |
| anther mucronate/mucronulate | mucronate (Mione et al. 801, type locality); not mucronate (Bolivia, Mione 563/564) | |
| insertion of filament into anther | ||
| anthers of a flower open simultaneously? | No: Figure 1 shows a flower with 3 anthers open and two closed. Another flower was seen having 2 anthers open and 3 closed (field notes, Mione 801) |
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| pollen quantity per flower | 86,458 - 92,969 per androecium (n=2, Mione 564) | |
| pollen grain size | ||
| light green, unpigmented straight non-gland-tipped finger hairs along 20 - 25% of length | ||
Stigma |
capitate, slightly bilobed, darker green than style |
1, 2, 4, 7, 11,13,15 |
Style |
light green, straight, 1 mm diam, 14 mm long on holotype |
13 |
Ovary |
green except for orange disk, the disk 25% of ovary's bottom to top height |
13 |
Ovules per ovary |
403 - 412 (n=2, Mione 564) |
no figure |
| Nectar | orange to red evidence of nectar robbery was evident (Mione et al. 801) but is not shown in figures |
1, 13, 14 |
| Herkogamy | No, after anthers dehsisce there is no spatial separation between anthers and stigma | 1 |
| Protogyny | apparently yes, a formal study has not been done, but some photos I took in Peru show flowers fully open while anthers remain undehisced | 2, 3, 11 |
Fruit Size and Seeds per fruit color (at maturity) |
12 mm X 18 mm (Mione 564), up to 320 seeds 10 X 13 (Mione 883) contained 77 seeds orange |
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| Infructescence | 16 | |
| Seed Size | 1.67 mm X 1.32 mm X 0.44 mm (Mione 564) | no figure |
Chromosome number |
n = 12 (Roe, 1967). The specimen Roe used for his count (Iltis et al. 972) is cited below |
no figure |
Growability in Connecticut, USA |
no data |
no figure |
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit? |
no data |
no figure |
Self-Compatible? |
no data |
no figure |
Seed Germination |
seeds collected Jan 1992 were sown 29 Apr 2007, a few of them germinated 23 May 2007 |
no figure |
Distribution and Ecology: southern Peru and Bolivia, along stone walls and disturbed habitats, from 3,000 - 3,758 m.
Flowering and fruiting: specimens are collected when they are flowering and/or fruiting, so see collection date column in table below.
| Department | Province | Locality | altitude | habitat | date | collector | holotype | isotypes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cuzco |
Cuzco |
Saqsaywaman |
3,500 m |
Dec 1925 or 1926 or 1828 |
F. L. Herrera 828 |
US |
F, G, photograph of F specimen, F neg. 49347 at WIS |
Specimens examined:
| Department | Province | Locality | altitude m | habitat | date | collector(s) | Data Entry | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peru | Junín | Huancayo | Arriba de Pucará entre Pucará y Marcavalle, |
3,700 - 3,800 | roadside, full sun | 9 March 2018 | T. Mione et al. 883; Leiva G. et al. 6716 |
HAO, HUSA | Mar 2018
|
| Peru | Junín | Huancayo | Quebrada Ocopilla | no data | no data | Feb 1948 | J. Soukup 3637 | US | Mar 2018 |
| Peru | Huancavelica | Huancavelica | Yauli | 3,500 |
sandy soil, sheltered under ledge of rock | 11 Mar 1939 | H. E. Stork & O. B. Horton 10859 | K | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Anta | El Chaccan, Cillapuya | 3,680 |
no data | 16 Apr 1973 | G. R. Brunel 811 | MO, NY | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Calca | Amparaes, SW from Cuzco and S of town | 3,330 - 3,400 |
center of town, around the bridge | 13 Dec 1986 | P. Nuñez 6648 | CUZ, MO, NY | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | 3,500 |
huertas y tierras cultivadas | 15 Feb 1922 | F. L. Herrera | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
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| Peru | Cuzco | valley of rio Urubamba, 9 km (by road SW of Pisac) on road to and exactly 23 km from Cuzco | 3,800 |
shrub community in Quebrada and along old abandoned dry irrigation ditch | 30 Dec 1962 | H. H. Iltis & D. & V. Ugent 972 | K, US, WIS | Mar 2010 |
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| Peru | Cuzco | Cuzco | Saqsaywaman (spelling on label is not the same as the spelling T.M. uses here) |
3,500 |
no data |
Mar 1929 | F. L. Herrera 2351 | F | Mar 2010
|
| Peru | Cuzco | Cuzco | Saqsaywaman (spelling on label is not the same as the spelling T.M. uses here) |
3,600 |
no data |
Jan 1931 | F. L. Herrera 3088 | US | Mar 2010
|
| Peru | Cuzco | Cuzco | Saqsaywaman (spelling on label is not the same as the spelling T.M. uses here) |
3,600 |
no data |
1 Apr 1944 | C. Vargas C. 4166 | WIS | Mar 2010
|
| Peru | Cuzco | Cuzco | Saqsaywaman (spelling on label is not the same as the spelling T.M. uses here) |
3,550 |
no data |
14 Dec 1944 | C. Vargas C. 4836 | WIS | Mar 2010
|
| Peru | Cuzco | Cuzco | Saqsaywaman (spelling on label is not the same as the spelling T.M. uses here) |
3,400 |
laderas secas | 27 Feb 1970 | C. Vargas C. 21908 | CUZ | Feb 2010
|
| Peru | Cuzco | Cuzco | Saqsaywaman 13 30' 1.8, W 71 58' 20.8" |
3,689 |
roadside, direct sun most of the day | 12 Jan 2010 | T. Mione et al. 801; Leiva G. et al. 4657 |
HAO, HUSA, US | Jan 2010
|
| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | Chinchero S 13 23 27.8", W 72 02 56.0" |
3,758 |
rock wall | 13 Jan 2010 | T. Mione et al. 802; Leiva G. et al. 4658 |
HAO, HUSA, US | Jan 2010
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| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | En murallas incaicas de las ruinas de Chinchero, 13 25' S, 72 03' W |
3,650 |
14 Jun 1990 | M. Hermann et al. 473 | NY | Mar 2010
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| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | below Chinchero ruins, place called Titiqaqa Wayk'o, 13 24' S, 72 3' W | 3,750 |
along brook | 3 Feb 1982 | S. King et al. 114 | NY | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | Dist. Huayllabamba, entre quebrada de Huayoccari y laguna de Yanacocha hacia el Sur-Oeste (Huaran), 13 21' 15" S, 72 03' 55" W | 3,000 - 3,600 |
borde de caminos | 19 May 1989 | A. Tupayachi 1028B | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | Dist. Huayllabamba, Huayoccari - Yanacocha | 3,200 |
borde de caminos | June 1988 | A. Tupayachi 678 | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | Yucay (I am not 100% sure I am reading the spelling correctly) | 3,300 |
no data |
26 Feb 1992 | A. Tupayachi 202S | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | alturas | 3,200 |
cercos | 22 Jan 1983 | C. Vargas C. 23641 | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | Ollantaytambo | 3,000 |
no data |
27 Apr 1915 | O. F. Cook & G. B. Gilbert 417 | NY, US | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Urubamba | Urubamba | no data |
no data |
Dec 1937 | J. Soukup 740 | F | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Quispicanchis | Marcapata, 176 km from Cuzco on road to Maldonado, 13 25' S, 70 54' W | 3,150 |
remnant forest | 8 Mar 1991 | P. Nuñez & C. Paycarmayta 13127 | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Paruro | Huanoquite | 3,380 |
chacras, camino bordes | 16 Jan? 1942 | C. Vargas C. 2373 | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Anta | 1 km before Mutuipata, on road from Limatambo to Anta, in Rio Apurimac drainage | 3,150 |
roadside hedge | 23 Dec 1962 | H. H. Iltis & D. Ugent 772 | WIS | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Cuzco | Paucartambo | "Huailabamba" on specimen label but not found in index of place names. | 3,658 |
on stone walls and in waste ground, slightly shaded and moist | 6 May 1939 | E. K. Balls 6731 | F, US | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Apurimac | Andahuaylas | Moyabamba | 3,650 |
no data |
4 Jan 1950 | C. Vargas C. 8707 | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Apurimac | Abancay | Saivite | 3,650 |
no data |
16 Jan 1950 | C. Vargas C. 9044 | CUZ | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Apurimac | Abancay | NNW of Abancay at km 16 of Cuzco road | 3,000 |
steep moist slopes, hedgerows, thickets and badly disturbed remnants of cloudforest | 19 Dec 1962 | H. H. Iltis & D. Ugent 651 | WIS, US | Mar 2010 |
| Peru | Ayacucho | Pampa de Chupas (handwriting makes words difficult to understand) | no data |
no data |
1968 |
J. Soukup 5523 | US | Mar 2010 |
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| Peru | Ayacucho | La Mar | I photographed the specimen label in Peru, and I can't clearly read the locality | 3,600 |
I can't clearly read | 7 Apr 2002 | G. Vilcapoma 5725 | MOL | Mar 2010 |
| Bolivia | La Paz | Bautista Saavedra | Kanlaya | 3566 | over-run garden plot (huerta) | 25 Dec 1979 |
R. Alvarez 92 | NY | Aug 2011 |
| Bolivia | La Paz | Bautista Saavedra | Charazani - Tal | no data | in einem Garten des Ortes | 30 Mar 1982 | T. Feuerer 10969a | NY | Aug 2011 |
| Bolivia | La Paz | Bautista Saavedra | Amarete - Tal | 3260 | no data |
14 Apr 1982 | T. Feuerer 11140a | NY | Aug 2011 |
| Bolivia | La Paz | Bautista Saavedra | Amarete - Tal | 3280 | 12 May 1981 | T. Feuerer 6386a | NY | Aug 2011 |
Charazani, Chari, 30 Mar 1982; town of Kanlaya, a right fork on road from Charazani to Amarete, 3600 m, 30 Dec 1991, Mione et al. 563 (CONN, LPB).
Prov. Larecaja, Sorata, 19 Apr 1920, Holway & Holway 554 (NY, US);
Sorata, 2700-3200 m, 1818-1819, Mandon 430 (G, GH, NY);
Sorata, comunidad Chorquikoa, 3150 m, 1 Jan 1992, Mione et al. 564 (LPB);
Sorata, Feb 1886, Rusby 831 (GH, NY, US).
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abaove, Figure 14. Flower of Jaltomata herrerae (at type locality) showing red nectar (T. Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
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15. Mione et al. 564, Bolivia, Photo by T. Mione |
16. Unripe fruits and branches of Jaltomata herrerae (S. Leiva & T. Mione 4658, photo by Segundo Leiva G.) |
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17. Jaltomata herrerae was common along roadsides as we walked from higher ground to the type locality (T. Mione, S. Leiva, L. Yacher 801, photo by Thomas Mione) |
18. Garments for sale in Peru, roadside while driving from department Puno to
Department Cuzco (photo by Thomas Mione) |
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Figure 19
Jaltomata herrerae
Type locality but not the type collection
This is the view of the stamen from the ovary. Note that filaments are nearly glabrous One can see that stamens are expanded laterally at their base. The base of this stamen showing to the viewer was adpressed to the base of the ovary
Mione et al. 801 Photo taken through dissecting microscope after flower had been preserved in 70% ethanol for years |