Jaltomata bicolor

Jaltomata bicolor (Ruiz López & Pavón) Mione

Peru

revised 2 Feb 2022

The information on this page may be cited as a communication with professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, Connecticut 06050-4010, United States of America.

Brittonia 45(2)
138-145. 1993.

Link to the Jaltomata of Lima, Peru

Link to the Jaltomata of southern Peru

Link to list of Jaltomata species having edible fruits, including this one

Link to local names including of this species

Figure 1. Flowers of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima. The flower on the left opened recently, probably within the last few hours; we can infer this because the stamens have not yet elongated enough for us to see them (the stamens are not yet exserted). Anthers of flower on the right are undehisced. Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number.

Figure 2. Flowers of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima, Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number.

above, Figure 3. A ripe fruit of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima. Units are mm. T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 880. Photo by T. Mione

below, Figure 4. Flowers of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima, S. Leiva G. et al. without collection number. Photo by Segundo Leiva G.

above, Figure 5. woody stem of Jaltomata bicolor, units at right are mm, Photo by T. Mione, T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 880.


Figure 6. Jaltomata bicolor. Anthers undehsiced in flower on left, dehisced in flower at right (Peru, Dept. Lima, prov. Lima, San Mateo, photo by S. Leiva G., Leiva 2856)	Figure 7. Jaltomata aijana. Anthers undehisced. Photo by Thomas Mione in Peru, department Ancash, Mione, Leiva & Yacher 728

Looking at figures 6 and 7 one may ask, why, in the past, were these considered the same species? We now understand that the collections from department Lima (Figure 6) are J. bicolor. And the collections from department Ancash (Figure 7) are J. aijana. Both have long-tubular corollas (“long” in comparison to the many Jaltomata species with short-tubular corollas), are shrubs of high elevations (for elevations, see tables of collections on this page and the J. aijana page), both lack radial corolla thickenings, both have long stamens (over 2.5 cm long), both have dark anthers (blue or purple or even “black” on collection labels), both have exserted stigmas, both have (-1) 2 to 4 flowers per inflorescence, the corollas of both have inconspicuous lobules alternating with conspicuous lobes, the limb of the corolla of both is more or less planar (not recurved as seen in several other Jaltomata species having tubular corollas) and both flower at the same time of year (see tables of collections).

When the plants are pressed the corolla color fades and the corolla form gets flattened, and then these two species look similar. In other words, the obvious differences shown in the photos above are for the most part lost during the process of pressing and drying. These two species were regarded as one species because the alpha taxonomy was done, in part, by comparison of pressed, dry specimens. Fieldwork by Mione, Leiva G. & Yacher has revealed that these are distinct and defendable species.


above, Figure 8. Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Moquegua. All five anthers dehisced. Mione et al. 795, photo by Victor Quipuscoa S.	above, Figure 9. The two anthers of the longest stamens are presenting pollen while the three anthers of the slightly shorter stamens have not yet dehisced, Jaltomata bicolor. Mione et al. 795, photo by T. Mione in Peru

Description based on numerous herbarium specimens from throughout the range of the species:

Character	Description	Figures on this page
Habit & Height	Woody shrub to 3 m
Branches, young	finger and dendritic hairs (sparse to dense), the hairs glandless
older	to 8.2 mm diam (Mione et al. 880)
Leaves, size	leaves single, paired or verticillate; usually ovate but variable in size, shape and margin.
shape
hairs	glabrate to sparsely pubescent with finger and dendritic hairs
petiole	to 35 mm
Inflorescence	2 - 4 flowered
peduncle
pedicel
Calyx at flowering	green and / or purple	Figure 1
shape / position when flowering	rotate to slightly concave; the collection I made in department Moquegua has a bowl-shaped calyx as shown in Figure 4.
at fruit maturity	31 mm diameter (field observation 726)
Corolla color	bicolored, proximal 2/3 purple (sometimes pink or yellow-green) and distal 1/3 pale-green or cream	1, 2, 3, 4
shape and size	urceolate-tubular, the tube (not including the limb) 1.6 - 2.5 cm long, the limb planar (not recurved)	1, 2, 3, 4
lobes / lobules	10 total: the lobes alternate with the inconspicuous lobules. Lobules sometimes not evident (Mione et al. 612).	1, 2, 3, 4
hairs	vesture of tube externally variable, dense to sparse, finger to dendritic trichomes to 1.1 mm long	1, 2, 3, 4
Stamen length including anther	26 - 36 mm long
length stamens exserted beyond distal end of corolla (applicable if corolla has a well-defined tube)	0 - 12 mm	1, 2, 3, 4
radial thickenings	no	612 from Dept Lima was dissected carefully
base expanded laterally?	no	fresh flowers, from plant grown for study at CCSU, Mione et al. 880, careful dissection while observing thru microscope, Oct 2017
filaments	proximal 25 to 30 % villous (the collection from Moquegua, Mione et al. 795, villous along proximal 7%)
anther color	blue or black on herbarium specimens; purple with a green connective visible on outer face (fresh flowers, grown for study at CCSU, Mione et al. 880)	1, 2
anther size	3.3 long X 2.2 mm wide	(fresh flowers, from plant grown outdoors at CCSU 2017, Mione et al. 880)
anther mucronate?	yes	Figure 22 (fresh flowers, from plant grown for study at CCSU, Mione et al. 880)
insertion of filament into anther	directly under the anther	Figure 22
staggered anther dehiscence?	yes (field observation 617)
pollen grain size
corona?	no
Stigma	darker green than the style, 0.75 mm X 1 mm, capitate
Style
Ovary	green, 2.5 mm high X 2.9 mm wide, the disk pale-yellow on a hermaphroditic-phase flower and occupying 43% of the height of the ovary	plant grown for study at CCSU, Mione et al. 880
Nectar	clear: nectar drawn into a microcapillary tube from a pistillate-phase flower, the tube was then placed on a white background and viewed both with unaided eyes and then with a dissecting microscope orange: in greenhouse, January 2018, Mione et al. 880, no mistake, several flowers	plants grown for study at CCSU, Mione et al. 880
Herkogamy	Yes until filaments fully elongate, and then No.
Protogyny	yes	field observation on 612 and living/cultivated plants of 880
Fruit color (at maturity)	orange observed both in Department Lima, Peru and greenhouse (almost certainly an error: Macbride [1962] berry white or rarely blue)	Figure 3
Fruit Size and Seeds per fruit	8.5 X 18 mm contained 196 seeds 13 X 18 mm contained 216 seeds	Mione et al., 880
Seed Size
Mione's collection numbers of this species	612, 617, 795, 880, 884
For other descriptions see	Hooker (1845, Hebecladus biflorus with color plate) and Macbride (1962, H. bicolor, H. intermedius)

Character, Jaltomata bicolor
Growability in Connecticut, USA	Bloomed in September when grown outdoors in a pot with automated watering (observation by T. Mione, 2017). "It requries a good greenhouse and may easily be increased by cuttings and probably seeds." (Hooker, 1845).
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit?	5 weeks	CCSU greenhouse, spring 2018
Flowers Closing For The Night?	No	Observation (on Mione et al. 880) by Mione at 9:00 pm in September of 2017
Self-Compatible?	Yes	by Jennifer Riera, Spring 2018
Seed Germination
Pollen quantity per flower	188,125	count by Demir Camdzic, Fall 2017
Ovules per ovary	192, Mione et al. 880, n = 1 flower	count by Thomas Mione, the value shown at left is double the count from one locule
Ratio of pollen to ovules	980 (188,125 / 192 ovules)	Mione et al. 880, n = 1 flower
Chromosome number	no data

Habitat: Open and shrub-covered hillsides, grazed rocky slopes, moist ravines, crevices in stone walls, roadside, along edge of agricultural field where it meets a river.

Flowers February-March and fruits in April-May (Vilcapoma Segovia 2007).

Table of Collections Showing Geographic Distribution, Altitude, of months of the year in flower and/or fruit:

Department	Province	Locality	elev- ation m	habitat	date	collector (herbarium)

Lima	Canta	Racsa, 23.7 km NW from the main Lima to Canta road on the road to Huamantanga, 1.7 km SE of town square of Huamantanga, 76.7 W, 11.5 S	3,320	growing among stones and grasses	9 Apr. 1999	D. M. Spooner et al. 7374a (WIS)
Lima	Canta	Lachaqui	3,500	ladera con abundante vegetación	1 May 1972	G. Vilcapoma 16 (G)
Lima	Canta	Lachaqui	3,500-3,600	ladera con arbustos perennes	25 Dec 1993	G. Vilcapoma 2815
Lima	Canta	ca. 1.5 km NE of Canta	3,000	overgrazed hillsides and ravines	1 Feb 1983	M. Dillon et al. 3191 (BH)
Lima	Canta	103.5 ruta Canta - Huaros	3,760	borde de carretera	14 Jan 1998	S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher 2120 (F) T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 612
Lima	Canta	hills about 1 kilometer above Huaros	3,700	growing in crevices in stone walls	3 Mar 1976	S. G. Saunders 1383 (K)
Lima	Huarochirí	infienillo, entre San Mateo y Casapalca	3,200 - 3,300	monte pluvifolio	13 Feb 1949	R. Ferreyra 5704 (US)
Lima	Huarochirí	Chicla, Bella Vista	3,800	gravelly roadside	5 June 1940	E. Asplund 11449 (US)
Lima	Huarochirí	Chosica, Santa Eulalia-Marcapomacocha road, 117 km from Lima	3,600	shrubland in valley bottom	8 Mar 1984	D. N. Smith et al. 6268 (NY)
Lima	Huarochirí	San Mateo, 200 yds up valley of Río Atacra, from junction with Río Rimac, km 110 Central Hwy	3,476	shrub covered hillside	12.4.1963	S. G. E. Saunders 821 (K)
Lima	Huarochirí	km 104-106, ca.Chicla (Rio Rimac)	3440	entre Popylepis sp., Ambrosia peruviana	16 Jan 1998	S. Leiva G, T. Mione & L. Yacher 2123 (F) T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 617
Lima	Huarochirí	between km 104-104	3619		25 May 2016	T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 880 S. Leiva G, T. Mione & L. Yacher 6080
Lima	Huarochirí	Vicinity of San Damian	2,100-3,000	no data	Feb 1913	A. Hrdlicka s.n. (US)
Lima	Huarochirí	Vicinity of San Damian	2,400-3,000	no data	Jan-Feb 1913	A. Hrdlicka s.n. (US)
Lima	no data	Vertiente Occidental, Bosque de Sacasanchi	2,950	no data	20 Apr 1980	Valencia 776 (NY)
Lima	Huarochirí	Río Blanco, entre San Mateo i Casapalca	3,500 - 3,550	pedregoso, falda de cerro	25 Mar 1950	R. Ferreyra 6991 (US)
Lima	no data	Río Blanco	3,000-3,500	open hillside	15-17 Apr 1929	E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 21558 (F NY)
Lima	no data	Río Blanco	3,000-3,500	open hillside	15-17 Apr 1929	E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 21751 (NY, US)
Lima	no data	Río Blanco	3,500-3,600	grassland with shrubs	17 May 1959	L. Diers 953 (US)
Lima	no data	Mione can't read handwriting	3,170	no data	no data	Soukup 5701 (WIS)
Lima	Yauyos	Road from Yauyos to Jauja, after Tomas, 12 17' 42 S, 75 48 42 W	2,300	small cañon with cactal vegetation on hillsidies and shrubs and trees near river bed	"07.10.02"	M. Weigend, M. Ackermann, A. Cano & M. I. La Torre 7261 (reference number 02-221).
Lima	Yauyos	Road from Tomas to Huancayo, 12 14' 20" S, 75 43' 52" W	3,560	roadside	10 March 2018	T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 884 S. Leiva G, T. Mione & L. Yacher 6717
Lima	Yauyos	Laraos, 12 15 S, 75 32 W	3,300	no data	4 Feb 1989	H. Beltran 37
Huancavelica	Castrovirreina	near Córdova	3,050-3,300	along rock wall at side of stream in shade of shrubs	27-28 March 1942	R. D. Metcalf 30270 (US)

Moquegua	Mariscal Nieto	Saylapa, near Carumas	3,300	on stone walls of fields	3 Mar 1925	Weberbaruer 7344 (US)
Moquegua	Mariscal Nieto	Saylapa, near Carumas, 16 49' 10.6", 70 40' 18.8" (Figure 7)	3,356	stone walls of agricultural fields	6 Jan 2010	Mione et al. 795 (HUSA), Leiva G. et al. 4652 (HAO)
Department	Province	Locality	elev- ation m	habitat	date	collector (herbarium)

above, Figure 10. Flowers and unripe fruit of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima, Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number.

below, Figure 11. Flowers of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima, Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number.

above, Figure 12. Flowers of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number. All anthers dehisced.

below, Figure 13. Flowers of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima, Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number. The flower on the right openned recently, probably within the last few hours; we can infer this because the stamens have not yet elongated enough for us to see them.

above, Figure 14. View at collection locality in Peru, Department Lima, highway from Lima toward La Oroya, Mione, Leiva G. & Yacher 880. Photo by T. Mione.


Figure 15, above. Calyx hiding unripe fruits (Mione et al. 795, photo by Victor Quipuscoa S.)	Figure 16, above. Unripe fruits with calyx on top (Mione et al. 795, photo by Victor Quipuscoa S.)

Figure 17. Collections Mione et al. 795 (J. bicolor) and 796 (J. diversa) were made along the edge of an agricultural field in Peru, department Moguegua, opposite side of valley from photographer, along the road that is more or less horizontal in this view, at roughly the height of the photographer. Thomas Mione towards left walking towards photographer (photo by Victor Quipuscoa S.).

above, Figure 18. Flowers of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima, Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number.
Anthers of flower on right are undehisced.

below, Figure 19. Peduncel, pedicel, calyx, ovary and style of Jaltomata bicolor. Peru, Department Lima, Photo by Segundo Leiva G., without collection number.

above, Figure 20. woody stem of Jaltomata bicolor, units at left are mm, Photo by T. Mione, T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 880.

Figure 21

Jaltomata bicolor

This illustration was originally published with a description of Hebecladus biflorus, a synonym of J. bicolor.

Figure 22, below. Anthers of Jaltomata bicolor. Outer face of anther on left, and inner face of anther on right. Filament insertion is directly under the anther, not toward the ventral (inner) face. On right, note pucture in anther, presumably made by an insect. Units along top are mm. Photo by T. Mione, Mione et al. 880 grown outdoors in Connecticut, 2017.

Figure 23.

Victor Quipuscoa photographing J. bicolor in Peru, department Moquegua.

Mione et al. 795

photo by Thomas Mione.

Greenhouse plants. No prior removal of nectar. Nectar volumes and sugar concentrations for J. bicolor.

mm of nectar in microcapillary tube	microliters of nectar	Brix (estimated sugar concentration)	Date	Temperature	Refractometer	Age of flower	Humidity
89	34.3	28.5	28 October 2017	21.6 C	Bellingham & Stanley 45-81	*	not recorded
53	20.4	24.5	29 October 2017	not recorded	Bellingham & Stanley 45-81	Day 2	not recorded

Each row in the above table is the data for one flower, harvested from a plant grown in a greenhouse Connecticut.
Nectar was not diluted prior to reading refractometer
Nectar appeared clear in the microcapillary tubes.
*Age not recorded; all in the hermaphroditic phase and thus day 1 flowers (pistillate-phase flowers) were not used.
There were no floral visitors seen in the greenhouse. Mione et al. 880
The plant was in a pot and irrigated daily.

Outdoor Plants. Nectar volumes and sugar concentrations for J. bicolor.

mm of nectar in microcapillary tube	microliters of nectar	dilution with water if any	raw refractometer reading if nectar was diluted	Brix (estimated sugar concentration)	Date	Temperature	Refractometer	Humidity
81	31.2	1 : 1	8.3	16.6	15 September 2017	not recorded	Milwaukee MA871	not recorded
20	7.7	5 parts water (38.5 microliters) added	2.8**	16.8	15 September 2017	not recorded	Milwaukee MA871	not recorded

Each row in the above table is the data for one flower, harvested from a plant grown in outdoors in Connecticut.
No prior removal of nectar by a person. Nectar appeared clear in the microcapillary tubes.
Flowers were of unknown age but were all in the hermaphroditic phase and thus day 1 flowers (pistillate-phase flowers) were not used.
Bees were seen visting the flowers. Mione et al. 880
The plant was in a pot and was watered daily.
** this value was multiplied by 6 to get the estimated sugar concentration

Greenhouse Plants. Nectar volumes and sugar concentrations for J. bicolor.

mm of nectar in microcapillary tube	microliters of nectar	Brix (estimated sugar concentration)	Age of flower	Date	Temperature C	Refractometer	Humidity
55	21.2	24	Day 1 (pistillate)	17 Nov 2017	20.5	B & S	not recorded

83	31.5	27	Day 2	16 Nov 2017, with Paul R. Wilson	20.3	B & S	not recorded
40	15.4	30.5	Unknown, but flower was hermaphroditic, and so at least we know that it was not a day 1 flower	17 Nov 2017	20.5	B & S	not recorded
60	23.1	25.2	Unknown, but flower was hermaphroditic, and so at least we know that it was not a day 1 flower	17 Nov 2017	20.5	B & S	not recorded

Mione et al. 880. Each row in the above table is the data for one flower, harvested from a plant grown in Connecticut.
No prior removal of nectar. Nectar appeared clear in the microcapillary tubes.
The plant was in a pot and was watered daily.