Jaltomata sanmiguelina
Mione & S. Leiva González |
Peru |
revised 1 October 2018
|
Link to Jaltomata homepage |
The information on this page may
be cited as a communication with professor |
Link to the Jaltomata of Cajamarca, Peru Link to Jaltomata species of northern Peru |
|
|
|
Figure 1, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina.
Pistillate-phase flower at top; hermaphroditic-phase flower at bottom.
Upside-down flower at right. Ripe fruits at left. Units along bottom are mm. Mione et al. 846, photo by T. Mione in
Peru. |
|
Figure 2, above. Flower of Jaltomata sanmiguelina.
Mione et al. 846, photo by T.
Mione in Peru. |
|
Figure 3, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Flower and ripe
fruit. Smallest units are mm. Mione et
al. 846, photo by T. Mione in Peru. |
|
Figure 4, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Ripe fruit and
pistillate-phase flower. Mione et al. 846,
photo by T. Mione in Peru. |
Collections
of Jaltomata sanmiguelina
showing Geographic and Altitudinal Distribution. Peru, Department Cajamarca |
|||||
Province |
Locality |
elevation |
habitat |
date |
collectors |
San
Miguel |
S 6
56.298" |
3,185 m |
roadside |
19 March
2007 |
S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher
3641 |
San
Miguel |
S 6 56
20.7" |
3,190 m |
roadside |
13 May
2015 |
S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher
5856, TYPE |
* herbarium specimen lost; photos, DNA sample and flowers in alcohol all very carefully numbered
Distribution
and Ecology |
Jaltomata
sanmiguelina has a limited
distribution and is apparently endemic to the collection area. Despite having
made many plant collections in numerous places at different times in nothern
Peru, we have found J. sanmiguelina
only along the road at the type locality. We attempted to also find it, but
did not find it, within 10 min walk of the type locality along a man-made
canal above the type locality, and along a stream some 100 m below, both
having natural vegetation along them. Not finding J. sanmiguelina nearby, where there was natural
vegetation, suggests that either this species is rare and or that it has a
specific habitat requirement.
Where it grows it is a member
of the grass and shrub community on the edges of the road. It appears to
prefer moist, deep, clay soils, sometimes rocky, with plenty of humus and
lives associated with Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. "Eucalyptus"
(Myrtaceae), Hypericum laricifolium Juss. "Chinchango" (Linaceae),
Chusquea serrulata Pilg. "Suro" Zea mays L. "Corn"
(Poaceae), Sambucus peruviana Kunth "elder" (Adoxaceae), Rubus
floribundus Kunth "bush" (Rosaceae), Pinus sylvestris L.
"Pine" (Pinaceae), among others. Phenology: We have seen and collected J. sanmiguelina twice, in March of 2007 and May of 2015; it was flowering and had ripe fruits on both occasions. Based on S. L. G.’s extensive experience in northern Peru, he contributes that it likely flourishes with the return of rains in November or December and flowers and then fruits from February until May. Some open flowers had stamens having undehisced anthers, and other open flowers on the same plant at the same time had stamens having dehisced anthers, and so we characterize the flowers as protogynous. The anthers of any one flower do not dehisce simultaneously. The first time we collected this species we encountered it at dusk and noticed that the flowers were closing for the night. |
Current
Status |
Using the criteria of the IUCN
(IUCN 2012) J. sanmiguelina is considered critically
endangered (CR). The extent of its range is smaller than 100 km 2; the only
place where it has been collected is the type locality (Criterion B1). There
are also less than 50 mature individuals in the population (Criterion D).
However, we have not determined whether there is a decline in its geographic
range. There is urgent need for a thorough study of the ecology, distribution
and population structure of this species to clarify its condition.
Local name: "frutilla" (S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher 5856, HAO) Etymology. The specific epithet refers to San Miguel, a prosperous and beautiful province in Department Cajamarca, Peru. Among its hills, valleys and rivers there is biological and cultural wealth that needs further study. |
Uses
|
One person, walking by while we
collected and photographed the type specimen, said that the fruits are not
eaten. However, the berries of nearly all other Jaltomata species of the
Andes are eaten when ripe, and it is therefore possible that some of the local
residents at least occasionally consume the ripe berries. |
|
Figure 5, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Younger stem
(left) and older stem (right). Units along bottom are mm. Mione et al. 846, photo by T. Mione in
Peru |
|
Figure 6, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Side view of
flower. Mione et al. 846,
photo by T. Mione in Peru. |
|
Figure 7, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Flower in side
view and ripe fruit. Smallest units are mm. Mione et al. 846, photo by T. Mione in Peru. |
TYPE: PERU. Department.
Cajamarca, Prov. San Miguel, route San Miguel-El Empalme, 6º 56' 20.7 " S,
78º 49' 57.7" W, 3,193 m, 13 May 2015, S. Leiva, T. Mione & L. Yacher
5856 (holotype: HAO; isotypes: CORD, F, MO).
Shrub 0.8-0.9 m high. Older
stems brown, terete, having lenticels, glabrous, 7-8 mm in diameter at the
base; younger stems nearly terete to slightly angular, purple adaxially and
green abaxially, glabrous and shiny. Basal leaves alternate, the distal
geminate; the blade elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, to 4.5 cm long X 4.2 cm wide,
lustrous-green above, membranous, glabrous on both faces, the apex acute, the
base cuneate, most leaves entire but a few of the older/larger leaves toothed,
the main vein lighter in color most conspicuously on the lower face; the
petiole 5 mm to 2 cm long, glabrous, with a conspicuous main vein on the
abaxial surface. Flowers (2-) 3 - 5 (-6) per node; peduncle purple to greenish,
nearly terete, glabrous, nearly straight, 9-14 mm long; pedicel
purple-lustrous, terete, glabrous, to 1 cm long. Calyx during anthesis dark
purple, nearly planar (flat), five-lobed (stellate in outline), 5 to 5.2 mm
diameter, touching the back of the corolla (never reflexed), glabrous, the
lobes triangular, 1.8 to 2.4 mm long X 1.7 to 1.8 mm wide, the main vein
somewhat raised on the abaxial face. Corolla white, having 10 green spots in a ring near the base and 10
purple spots proximal to and aligned radially with the green spots,
nearly rotate when fully open, 5-lobed (no lobules), 14 mm diameter prior to
anthers dehiscing (the pistillate phase), 16 - 17 mm diameter after anthers
dehisce (hermaphroditic phase), glabrous abaxially and adaxially, the margin
ciliate with simple, nonglandular hairs. Nectar unpigmented. Stamens 5, angling
away from the style 15 – 20 degrees, exserted, of equal length, 2.8 mm long,
the lower 50% of the filament intensely purple and villous with unpigmented,
nonglandular, simple hairs, the distal (upper) half of the filament whitish in
color and glabrous; anthers pale-yellow to whitish prior to dehsicence, not
mucronate, glabrous, slightly wider than long prior to dehiscence: 1.5-1.7 mm
long X 1.7-1.8 mm in wide. Stigma capitate, darker green than the style,
exserted, shallowly bilobed, 0.5 – 0.6 mm in diameter; the style and ovary both
pale-green, lighter than the stigma; the style filiform, widening slightly
toward the distal end, glabrous, 3.8 mm long; the ovary 1.7-1.8 mm high X 1.9
to 2 mm wide including the annular disk, the annular disk orange and
approximately 42% of the height of the ovary. Berry orange at maturity,
globose, compressed at the poles, without persistent style, to 7.5 mm (pole to
pole) X 8.5 mm in diameter; calyx at fruit maturity planar, purple, 7 - 11 mm
in diameter. Seeds 20-39 per fruit, kidney-shaped, brown, grid-foveolate,
1.7-1.8 mm long X 1.3-1.4 mm wide.
Additional material
examined. PERU. Department Cajamarca, Prov. San Miguel, 6º 56' 20.7" S,
78º 49' 57.7" W, 3,185 – 3,193 m, 19-III-2007, T. Mione, S. Leiva G., L.
Yacher 738 & S. Leiva G., T. Mione, L. Yacher 3641; 13-V-2015, T. Mione, S.
Leiva & L. Yacher 846 (no herbarium specimen: flowers preserved in 50%
ethanol and dessicated leaves for extraction of nucleic acids only).
Jaltomata
sanmiguelina was
included in the molecular phylogeny of Miller et al. (2011, as “J. SanMiguel”)
where it was found to be most closely related to J. oppositifolia (98% bootstrap value).
However, the accession of “J.
salpoensis” used in that study was collected in Department
Amazonas, and is no longer identified as J. salpoensis (now understood to be endemic to
Department La Libertad). If phylogeny is again investigated, we anticipate that
J. sanmiguelina
will be most closely related to J. salpoensis, because only these two species have a
5-lobed corolla (no lobules), a ring of purple spots at the base of the
corolla, stamens about 3 mm long, and short styles (Table _). J. sanmiguelina is also
akin to J. huancabambae,
not included in the study of Miller et al. (2011). All four of these species
grow in northern Peru, have glabrous, lustrous leaves, purple pedicels, a white
corolla that lacks radial thickenings, unpigmented nectar, pale-yellow to
whitish anthers, and orange fruit. These species are compared in Table _.
UNDER CONSTRUCTION: Add table comparing similar species from protologue
|
Figure 8, above. Jaltomata sanmiguelina. Flowers. Mione et al. 738, photo by T. Mione in
Peru. |
|
Figure 9, above. The large plant growing on a steep
roadside bank and having white flowers is Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Mione et al 738, photo by T. Mione in
Peru. |
|
Figure 10, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Mione et al 738, photo by T. Mione in
Peru. |
|
Figure 11, above. The large plant
growing on a steep roadside bank having white flowers is Jaltomata sanmiguelina. Mione et
al 738, photo by T. Mione in Peru. |
|
Figure 12, above. Jaltomata
sanmiguelina. Flowers, and flower bud near center. Mione et al. 738, photo by T. Mione in
Peru. |
|
Figure 13, above. Jaltomata sanmiguelina. Two anthers dehsiced, the one of the left
may be dehiscing, anthers at top and bottom right undehisced. |
|
Figure 14, above. View from hotel in San Miguel de
Pallaques, Department Cajamarca, Peru. Photo by T. Mione |
|
Figure 15, above. Dr. Leon Yacher
is in a red shirt near the center holding a camera near collection locality
of Mione et al. 738. Photo by
T. Mione |
|
Above: The machine on the left is
repairing the road. The pickup truck is our rented vehicle. We were waiting
while the road was repaired. |
The molecular (Waxy) data
groups collection Mione et al. 738
with J. oppositifolia (98%
bootstrap value).
However, J. oppositifolia has corolla lobes and
lobules alternating, while the corolla of J.
sanmiguelina lacks lobules!
Frontispiece of Publication
of This Species