Jaltomata paneroi Mione & S. Leiva |
Peru |
revised Aug 2023 |
The information on this page may be cited as a communication with professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050-4010 USA, and Segundo Leiva G., Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Av. América Sur 3145, Casilla postal 1075, Trujillo, Peru |
Link to Jaltomata homepage |
Link to table of Jaltomata species that produce red nectar |
Link to local name(s) of J. paneroi |
Link to report(s) of fruits of this species being edible |
Link to the Jaltomata of Cajamarca, Peru
|
Link to Jaltomata species of northern Peru |
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Figure 1. Jaltomata paneroi flower containing red nectar (Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione & Leiva 705, a print that was later scanned) |
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Figure 2. Side view of Jaltomata paneroi flower containing red nectar (Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione et al 705, originally a print that was later scanned) |
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Figure 3. Fruits of Jaltomata paneroi. Those that are green are unripe; the orangish fruits are nearly ripe or ripe. (Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione et al. 705, originally a print that was later scanned) |
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Figure 4. Branches, leaf and flowers of Jaltomata paneroi. Both flowers cotain red nectar (Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione et al 705, originally a print that was later scanned) |
Character | Description | Figures on this page |
Habit & Height |
Perennial shrub to 1.5 m high | |
Branches, young |
with a dense vestiture of short, dendritic and unbranched, uniseriate trichomes | |
older |
||
Leaves, size | simple, to 6 cm long X 4 cm wide | |
shape | ovate, the apex acute, the margin entire or subentire | |
hairs | densely pubescent on both surfaces with intermixed unbranched, forked, and dendritic trichomes to 0.5 mm long, the trichomes never gland-tipped | |
petiole | ||
Inflorescence |
umbelliform, 3--4 (6) flowered; infructescence one or two fruited |
|
peduncle |
axillary, 3--5 mm long, densely vestitured | |
pedicel |
7--10 mm long, densely vestitured | |
Calyx when flowering, color and size | 13 mm in diameter during anthesis (flattened against ruler for measuring), the lobes as long as wide, acuminate | |
shape / position during anthesis | planar | Figure 2 |
hairs | abaxially densely pubescent | |
at fruit maturity | to 25 mm diameter | |
Corolla color |
green, the lobes darker green than the lobules | |
green spots | no | |
purple ring | no | |
puple in base of corolla | yes: "lila el 1/4 basal externa e interiormente" | Leiva et al. 2016 |
shape and size |
campanulate with a revolute limb, 5 - 10 mm long X 23 - 25 mm in diameter when pressed, 30 - 35 mm diameter fresh | |
lobes / lobules |
10: 5 lobes alternating with 5 smaller lobules | |
hairs
|
corolla veins with dendritic trichomes abaxially | |
yes | Figure 1 | |
Corona | no | |
Stamen length including anther |
5,
ultimately 9 - 10 mm long, elongating at unequal rates according to my observations but S. Leiva (1998) wrote "filamentos iguales" and illustrated the stamens having equal lengths. |
|
length stamens exserted beyond distal end of corolla | ||
postion of stamens: a) before anthers dehisce, b) after anthers dehisce | a & b: connivent for life of flower | |
base expanded laterally? | ||
filaments | pubescent at base, with unbranched or occasionally forked trichomes to 0.6 mm long | |
anther color | yellow with a green connective on outer face | |
anther size | 2.0--2.9 mm long prior to dehiscing, 1.5--1.6 mm long after dehiscing | |
anther mucronate | mucronulate | observations made Aug 2013, flowers of Mione 533 preserved in ethanol. |
insertion of filament into anther | ||
anthers of a flower open simultaneously? | ||
pollen quantity per flower | 61,000 - 121,000 | |
pollen grain size | 31.85--37 µm in diameter, mean 33.72 µm (n= 23 grains) |
flowers were preserved in 70% ethanol; anthers were crushed in cotton blue (30 min); Mione 533 grown in Connecticut. |
pollen grain size | 29.63--34.57 µm in diameter, mean 30.97 µm (n= 23 grains) |
flowers were pressed and dried; anthers were crushed in cotton blue (30 min); wild plant, herbarium specimen Leiva & Guevara 1130 |
corona | no | |
Stigma |
bilobed, 0.84--1.0 mm X 0.78--0.88 mm, exserted beyond anthers 1.5--4.5 mm | |
Style length |
11 mm (measured on specimens pressed in Peru); 13 - 14 mm (Leiva 1998, probably a living specimen) |
|
Ovary |
||
Ovules per ovary |
110--180 per ovary | |
Nectar | blood-red, copious | |
Herkogamy | ||
Protogyny | Anthers remain undehisced for a few hours after anthesis. | |
Fruit color (at maturity) and size |
orange, 12.5 X 19 mm | (size based on one fruit measured in Peru Mione 705) |
Seeds per fruit |
300 | (n = 1 fruit collected in Peru Mione 705) |
Seed Size |
1.52--1.68 mm long X 1.24--1.41 mm wide X 0.44--0.52 mm thick, suborbicular to reniform, alveolate | |
Chromosome number |
||
Growability in Connecticut, USA |
Easy to grow in a greenhouse | |
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit? |
||
Self-Compatible? |
Yes: A few fruits were set in a pollinator-free greenhouse (without manual pollination) during the spring of 1992. | |
Seed Germination |
no data |
|
Character | Description of Jaltomata paneroi | Figures on this web page |
This species is similar to several other species that have red nectar; to compare these species, follow this link In contrast, in many other Jaltomata the filaments are oriented such that the dehisced anthers are positioned a few mm away from the stigma, and the corolla closes at night, reopening the next morning. Seeds of Panero et al. 854 were grown as Mione 533. The specific epithet
was chosen to honor José L. Panero, who sent the holotype and
seeds to T. M. |
Jaltomata paneroi grows in Peru, Department of Cajamarca, between 3,240 and 3,520 meters of elevation along roadsides with shrubs. Flowering and fruiting occur in June and July. |
Province | Locality |
elevation m |
habitat |
date |
collector (herbarium) |
Cajamarca | carretera Cajamarca-Celendín, aprox. 9 km NW de La Encañada, frente al poblado de Quinuamayo | 3,324 |
very steep slope with acidic black soil, in an area that is generally moist but somewhat dry in July and August | 2 Jul 1987 |
José L. Panero, I. Sanchez, S. Leiva G. and C. Sagástegui 854 (HOLOTYPE: CONN; ISOTYPES: CPUN; specimens of plants grown from seeds of the type collection were numbered as Mione 533: CONN, MO, NY). |
Cajamarca | Jalca de Kumulca (ruta a Celendín) | 3,500 |
ladera | 17 Jun 1975 |
A. Sagástegui A. et al. 8111 (HUT, MO, NY) |
Cajamarca | Quinuamayo, entre La Encañada y jalca de Kumulca | 3,520 |
ladera con arbustos | 17 Jun 1975 |
I. Sánchez V. 1613 (F, CPUN) |
Cajamarca | La Encañada-Kumulca (ruta a Celendín) |
3,240 |
sobre plantas de Rubus, al costado de carretera | 28 Jun 1994 |
S. Leiva G. & J. Guevara 1130 (F, HAO, HUT, US) |
Cajamarca | 07 04.014 S 78 20.062 W |
no data |
among shrubs at roadside | 5 June 2005 |
S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher 3315; T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 705 |
Frutex pilis dendriticis simplicibusque dense vestitus. Folia dense pubescentia. Pedunculi et pedicellique breves. Corolla campanulato-rotata, viridis, 10-lobata, nectar copiosum rubrum ad basim exudans. |
For illustration to be added:
(A) Habit. (B) Flower. (C) Corolla expanded. (D, E, F) Stamen in ventral, dorsal and lateral view, respectively; these share a scale bar. (G) Gynoecium. (H) Berry with calyx. Drawn from S. Leiva and J. Guevara 1130.