paneroi

Jaltomata paneroi Mione & S. Leiva

Peru

revised Aug 2023

The information on this page may be cited as a communication with
professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050-4010 USA, and
Segundo Leiva G., Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Av. América Sur 3145, Casilla postal 1075, Trujillo, Peru

Rhodora 99: 283-286. 1997.

Link to Jaltomata homepage

Link to table of Jaltomata species that produce red nectar

Link to local name(s) of J. paneroi

Link to report(s) of fruits of this species being edible

Link to the Jaltomata of Cajamarca, Peru

Link to Jaltomata species of northern Peru

Figure 1. Jaltomata paneroi flower containing red nectar
(Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione & Leiva 705, a print that was later scanned)

Figure 2. Side view of Jaltomata paneroi flower containing red nectar
(Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione et al 705, originally a print that was later scanned)

Figure 3. Fruits of Jaltomata paneroi. Those that are green are unripe; the orangish fruits are nearly ripe or ripe.
(Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione et al. 705, originally a print that was later scanned)

Figure 4. Branches, leaf and flowers of Jaltomata paneroi. Both flowers cotain red nectar
(Photo by Thomas Mione, Mione et al 705, originally a print that was later scanned)

Character	Description	Figures on this page
Habit & Height	`Perennial shrub to 1.5 m high`
Branches, young	`with a dense vestiture of short, dendritic and unbranched, uniseriate trichomes`
older
Leaves, size	`simple, to 6 cm long X 4 cm wide`
shape	`ovate, the apex acute, the margin entire or subentire`
hairs	`densely pubescent on both surfaces with intermixed unbranched, forked, and dendritic trichomes to 0.5 mm long, the trichomes never gland-tipped`
petiole
Inflorescence	`umbelliform, 3--4 (6) flowered; infructescence one or two fruited`
peduncle	`axillary, 3--5 mm long, densely vestitured`
pedicel	`7--10 mm long, densely vestitured`
Calyx when flowering, color and size	`13 mm in diameter during anthesis (flattened against ruler for measuring), the lobes as long as wide, acuminate`
shape / position during anthesis	planar	Figure 2
hairs	`abaxially densely pubescent`
at fruit maturity	`to 25 mm diameter`
Corolla color	`green, the lobes darker green than the lobules`
green spots	no
purple ring	no
puple in base of corolla	yes: "lila el 1/4 basal externa e interiormente"	Leiva et al. 2016
shape and size	`campanulate with a revolute limb, 5 - 10 mm long X 23 - 25 mm in diameter when pressed, 30 - 35 mm diameter fresh`
lobes / lobules	`10: 5 lobes alternating with 5 smaller lobules`
hairs	`corolla veins with dendritic trichomes abaxially`
radial thickenings	yes	Figure 1
Corona	no
Stamen length including anther	`5, ultimately 9 - 10 mm long, elongating at unequal rates according to my observations but S. Leiva (1998) wrote "filamentos iguales" and illustrated the stamens having equal lengths.`
length stamens exserted beyond distal end of corolla
postion of stamens: a) before anthers dehisce, b) after anthers dehisce	a & b: connivent for life of flower
base expanded laterally?
filaments	`pubescent at base, with unbranched or occasionally forked trichomes to 0.6 mm long`
anther color	yellow with a green connective on outer face
anther size	`2.0--2.9 mm long prior to dehiscing, 1.5--1.6 mm long after dehiscing`
anther mucronate	mucronulate	observations made Aug 2013, flowers of Mione 533 preserved in ethanol.
insertion of filament into anther
anthers of a flower open simultaneously?
pollen quantity per flower	`61,000 - 121,000`
pollen grain size	`31.85--37 µm in diameter, mean 33.72 µm (n= 23 grains)`	flowers were preserved in 70% ethanol; anthers were crushed in cotton blue (30 min); Mione 533 grown in Connecticut.
pollen grain size	`29.63--34.57 µm in diameter, mean 30.97 µm (n= 23 grains)`	flowers were pressed and dried; anthers were crushed in cotton blue (30 min); wild plant, herbarium specimen Leiva & Guevara 1130
corona	no
Stigma	`bilobed, 0.84--1.0 mm X 0.78--0.88 mm, exserted beyond anthers 1.5--4.5 mm`
Style length	`11 mm (measured on specimens pressed in Peru); 13 - 14 mm (Leiva 1998, probably a living specimen)`
Ovary
Ovules per ovary	`110--180 per ovary`
Nectar	`blood-red, copious`
Herkogamy
Protogyny	`Anthers remain undehisced for a few hours after anthesis.`
Fruit color (at maturity) and size	`orange, 12.5 X 19 mm`	`(size based on one fruit measured in Peru Mione 705)`
Seeds per fruit	`300`	`(n = 1 fruit collected in Peru Mione 705)`
Seed Size	`1.52--1.68 mm long X 1.24--1.41 mm wide X 0.44--0.52 mm thick, suborbicular to reniform, alveolate`
Chromosome number
Growability in Connecticut, USA	Easy to grow in a greenhouse
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit?
Self-Compatible?	`Yes: A few fruits were set in a pollinator-free greenhouse (without manual pollination) during the spring of 1992.`
Seed Germination	no data
Character	Description of Jaltomata paneroi	Figures on this web page

This species is similar to several other species that have red nectar; to compare these species, follow this linkFlowers of Jaltomata paneroiremain open 3 to 5 days (n = 5 flowers) in the greenhouse. Flowers are protogynous: anthers remain undehisced for a few hours after anthesis. Filaments remain parallel to the style during the life of the flower, and the corolla remains open at night.

In contrast, in many otherJaltomatathe filaments are oriented such that the dehisced anthers are positioned a few mm away from the stigma, and the corolla closes at night, reopening the next morning.

Seeds of Panero et al. 854 were grown as Mione 533.

The specific epithet was chosen to honor José L. Panero, who sent the holotype and seeds to T. M.

Jaltomata paneroigrows in Peru, Department of Cajamarca, between 3,240 and 3,520 meters of elevation along roadsides with shrubs. Flowering and fruiting occur in June and July.

Collections of *Jaltomata paneroi* including Geographic Distribution and Altitudes
Peru, Department Cajamarca (chronological order)
Province	Locality	elevation m	habitat	date	collector (herbarium)
`Cajamarca`	`carretera Cajamarca-Celendín, aprox. 9 km NW de La Encañada, frente al poblado de Quinuamayo`	`3,324`	`very steep slope with acidic black soil, in an area that is generally moist but somewhat dry in July and August`	`2 Jul 1987`	`José L. Panero, I. Sanchez, S. Leiva G. and C. Sagástegui 854 (HOLOTYPE: CONN; ISOTYPES: CPUN; specimens of plants grown from seeds of the type collection were numbered as Mione 533: CONN, MO, NY).`

`Cajamarca`	Jalca de Kumulca (ruta a Celendín)	3,500	ladera	`17 Jun 1975`	`A. Sagástegui A. et al. 8111 (HUT, MO, NY)`
`Cajamarca`	`Quinuamayo, entre La Encañada y jalca de Kumulca`	3,520	ladera con arbustos	`17 Jun 1975`	I. Sánchez V. 1613 (F, CPUN)
Cajamarca	`La Encañada-Kumulca (ruta a Celendín)`	3,240	sobre plantas de Rubus, al costado de carretera	`28 Jun 1994`	S. Leiva G. & J. Guevara 1130 `(F, HAO, HUT, US)`
Cajamarca	07 04.014 S 78 20.062 W	no data	among shrubs at roadside	5 June 2005	S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher 3315; T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 705

Frutex pilis dendriticis simplicibusque dense vestitus. Folia dense pubescentia. Pedunculi et pedicellique breves. Corolla campanulato-rotata, viridis, 10-lobata, nectar copiosum rubrum ad basim exudans.

For illustration to be added:

(A) Habit. (B) Flower. (C) Corolla expanded. (D, E, F) Stamen in ventral, dorsal and lateral view, respectively; these share a scale bar. (G) Gynoecium. (H) Berry with calyx. Drawn fromS. Leiva and J. Guevara 1130.

Literature Cited