Jaltomata incahuasina Mione & S. Leiva
Peru
revised Nov 2016
The information on this page may be cited as a communication with professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050-4010 USA, and
Segundo Leiva G., Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Av. América Sur 3145, Casilla postal 1075, Trujillo, Peru
Arnaldoa 20 (2): 265 - 280. 2013.
Link to Jaltomata homepage
Link to table of Jaltomata species of Cajamarca, Peru
Link to table of Jaltomata species of northern Peru
Link to edible Jaltomata species including this one
Link to local names of Jaltomata including of this species
Figure 1. Jaltomata incahuasina. Flowers are protogynous: the pistillate phase is shown on the left (anthers undehsiced) and on the right the hermaphroditic phase is shown (stamens have elongated and anthers dehisced). As shown in this photo, we observed gland-tipped finger hairs in department Piura, Peru (Mione et al. 809, photo by Segundo Leiva G.).
Figure 2. Flowers are protogynous: the pistillate phase is shown on the left (anthers undehsiced) and on the right the hermaphroditic phase is shown (stamens have elongated and anthers dehisced; photo by Segundo Leiva G.).
Figure 3. Jaltomata incahuasina in Department Lambayeque
(numbered units on ruler are cm; smallest units on ruler are mm, Mione et al. 816, photo by Thomas Mione)
Figure 4. A pair of unripe fruits and a flower in pistillate phase are highest in this photo; a pair of flowers, one pistillate the other in its hermaphroditic phase are slightly lower. The larger leaf on left has its underside showing; other leaves are adaxial face up
(smallest units on ruler along bottom are mm, Mione et al. 809, Peru Department Piura, photo by Thomas Mione).
Figure 5. Jaltomata incahuasina. We observed gland-tipped finger hairs on this species in department Piura, as shown in the above photo (numbered units on ruler are cm; smallest units on ruler are mm, Mione et al. 809, photo by Thomas Mione).
Figure 6. Jaltomata incahuasina. Protogyny is evident: this flower is open but anthers have not yet dehisced; a day or two from now this flower would look like the one shown on the right in figure 7 (photo by Segundo Leiva G.).
Figure 7. Jaltomata incahuasina. The corolla and androecium have dropped off of the flower on the left; this occurs after a flower has been functional / open for days. On the flower on the left the style (lower) and calyx (higher) remain (photo by Segundo Leiva G.).

 

Character Description of Jaltomata incahuasina Figures On This Page
Habit & Height
Shrub to 1.5 m high 3, 9
Branches, young
 green, pubescent,
all hairs gland-tipped (Mione et al 807)
or
dendritic hairs that are not gland-tipped (Mione et al 816)		 3, 9, 11
older
to 15 mm diameter, hollow 15
Leaves, size alternate or geminate 3, 4, 9, 11
shape ovate, toothed to nearly entire 3, 4, 9, 11
hairs the underside pubescent with finger haris both non-gland-tipped and gland-tipped (Mione et al 807), or dendritic hairs that are not gland-tipped (Mione et al 816); the upper side pubescent with finger hairs that are mostly gland-tipped (Mione et al 807) or dendritic hairs that are not gland-tipped (Mione et al 816) 3, 4
petiole to 35 mm, usually shorter 3, 4, 9
Inflorescence
(1-) 2 -- 4 flowered including buds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10
peduncle
 green, to 34 (-37) mm but usually shorter, terete,
pubescent with gland-tipped finger hairs (Mione et al 807) or
dendritic hairs that are not gland-tipped (Mione et al 816)		 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11
pedicel
 green, to 11 (-17) mm, mottled with purple, nearly terete but having raised longitudinal ridges evident with a hand lens;
pubescent with gland-tipped finger hairs (Mione et al 807) or
dendritic hairs that are not gland-tipped (Mione et al 816)		 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12
Calyx at flowering

dark purple, 9 mm long X 13 mm wide unpressed, pubescent with gland-tipped finger hairs (Mione et al 807) or
dendritic hairs that are not gland-tipped (Mione et al 816)

 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
shape / position when flowering bowl-shaped  
at fruit maturity 2.4 cm across (807) to 3 cm across (816) 10, 11, 12, 13
Corolla color
 green, the lobes darker green than the lobules 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14
shape and size
 urceolate-tubular; the tube 1 cm long on pressed specimens, measured 16 - 17 mm long, 7 - 8 mm diameter where narrowest, the base 9 - 10 mm diameter;
16 mm across (from lobe tip to lobe tip); if the corolla is removed one can feel that the corolla's base is rigid 		1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14
lobes/lobules
 10-lobed, the lobes and lobules narrowly triangular 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 14
hairs
pubescent on exterior 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 14
radial thickenings
 yes, creating nectar pools between the thickenings (807, 809 & 816 all have)
Stamen length including anther elongating after flower opens, finally 22 -- 24 mm 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 14
length stamens exserted beyond distal end of corolla (applicable if corolla has a well-defined tube) 0 mm when anthers have not yet dehisced to
14 mm when anthers have dehisced, stamens are then fully elongated		 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 14
based expanded laterally? yes, as seen in ventral view 17
filaments whitish, pubescent on proximal 25 -- 31% (807 & 809) or only on the expanded base (816), the hairs unpigmented and not gland-tipped 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 14
anther color yellow with a green connective of dorsal (outer) face,
turning brown while corolla is still attached to plant		 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 14
anther size & shape 3 mm long before dehiscence, 2.1 - 2.2 mm long dehisced
sagitate at base after dehiscence		 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 14
anther mucronate? mucronulate or not depending on the collection
(yes 807 & 816, no 809)		 6, 8
anthers of a flower open simultaneously? based on photos taken in Peru, at least sometimes and possibly normally, the anthers do not dehisce simultaneously. The best way to answer this would be to make observations every half hour, but periodic observations were not made. 8
pollen grain size
add this data
  
Stigma
 green & bilobed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 14
Style
14 - 22 mm long depending on the developmental state of the open flower 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14
Ovary
green, the disk orange (Mione et al. 807) or cream-colored (Mione et al. 816) and about half the height of the ovary, 3 mm high X 3.2 mm diameter 14
Nectar transparent visible but not obivious through base of corolla in figure 8
Herkogamy yes, while anthers have not yet dehisced;
no, after anthers have dehisced		 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Protogyny Yes, this species has a pistillate phase (anthers remain closed not presenting pollen). Then, the stamens elongate and the anthers dehisce. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14
Fruit color (at maturity) and size
orange, 13 X 15 - 16 mm
the first measurement was from the pedicel attachement to the opposite pole		 11
Seeds per fruit
173
n = 1 fruit collected in Peru,
Mione et al. 816
Seed Size
add this data
Character Description of Jaltomata incahuasina Figures on this page

 

Character Description  
Growability in Connecticut, USA
 no data  
How long does it take from flower to ripe fruit?
no data  
Flowers Closing For The Night?
 No Jamie Kostyun, personal communication
Self-Compatible?
 no data  
Seed Germination
no data  
Pollen quantity per flower
90,350 Mione et al. 809; 87,650 Mione et al. 816
 flowers collected in Peru (not grown for study), counts by Emmett P. Varricchio 2013
Ovules per ovary
247 Mione et al. 809; 236 Mione et al. 816
 flowers collected in Peru (not grown for study), counts by Thomas Mione 2013
Ratio of pollen to ovules
 366 Mione et al. 809; 371 Mione et al. 816 n = 2 flowers, collected in Peru (not from plants grown for study)
Chromosome number
 no data  
Character Jaltomata incahuasina  

 

 

Collections of Jaltomataincahuasina showing Geographic and Altitudinal Distribution. Peru.
Department Province Locality elevation habitat date collectors
Lambayeque Ferreñafe S 06 13' 53.5"
W 79 18' 43.75"
3,058 m
 roadside, see movies DSCN0352.MOV
DSCN0365.MOV
23 March 2011
 TYPE SPECIMEN
S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher 5108
             
Piura Huancabamba
Ruta Salalá - Las Guaringas
S 05 06'
W 79 28'
2,980 m
borde de carretera entre Aphelandra sp.
8 June 1997
 S. Leiva, N. W. Sawyer, V. Quipuscoa 2033
Piura Huancabamba
road to El Shimbe
S 05 06'
W 79 28'
2,980 m
in Quebrada along road to El Shimbe
8 June 1997
 N. W. Sawyer 805
Piura Huancabamba Al Nor Oeste de Salala, en el recorrido a vaqueria.
3,000 m
 Terrenos de cultivo abandonados, con restos de bosque primario 1 May 1990 I. Sánchez Vega 5210 (F)
Piura Huancabamba
S 05 06' 02.9"
W 79 27' 48.5"
2,559 m
at edge of natural vegetation, moist, uncommon, habitat is shown in DSCN0169.MOV
21 March 2011
 S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher 5096
T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 807
Piura Huancabamba S 05 19' 10"
W 79 30' 07.2"
3,078 m
roadside
22 March 2011
 S. Leiva G., T. Mione & L. Yacher 5101
T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 809
Lambayeque Ferreñafe Ca. 7 km NW of Incahuasi, near Cerro Punamachay on trail to Laguna Hualtaco
3,300 - 3,550 m
 Jalca formation dominated by Stipa grass 16 Nov 1984 M. O. Dillon & D. Skillman 4158 (F)
Lambayeque Ferreñafe Sinchihual, Incahuasi
3,400 m
 borde de caminos
03-10-85
 S. Llatas Quiroz 1307 (F, NY)
Lambayeque Ferreñafe S 06 13' 53.5"
W 79 18' 43.75"
3,058 m
 roadside, see movies DSCN0352.MOV
DSCN0365.MOV
23 March 2011
 collected at same place and time as type specimen: T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 816
Department Province Locality elevation habitat date collectors

 

Movies of Jaltomata incahuasina size 1280 X 720
Movie showing habitat at collection of Mione et al. 807 in Piura, Peru, 38.4 MB, 32 seconds, 21 March 2011, 12:41 pm. White ruler is resting on / in Jaltomata collection 807. Mione's movie number DSCN0169.mov. Movie of town near collection Mione et al. 816 in Lambayeque, Peru, showing traditional attire worn by females in a high elevation community. 10.7 MB, 9 seconds, 23 March 2011, 2:28 pm. Mione's movie number DSCN0339.mov. Movie showing habitat at collection of Mione et al. 816 in Lambayeque, Peru. 25. 4 MB, 22 seconds, 23 March 2011, 2:56 pm. White ruler is resting on / in Jaltomata collection 816, and Segundo Leiva G. is walking. Mione's movie number DSCN0352.mov

Movie of habit and habitat at collection of Mione et al. 816 in Lambayeque, Peru. 15.9 MB, 13 seconds, 23 March 2011, 3:12 pm. White ruler is resting on / in Jaltomata collection 816. Mione's movie number DSCN0365.mov

 

Figure 8. Jaltomata incahuasi. Note that anthers do not dehisce simultaneously. Stigma (dark green) is closest to viewer (Mione et al. 816, Peru Department Lambayeque, photo by Thomas Mione)
Figure 9. Jaltomata incahuasina. (Mione et al. 809, Department Piura, photo by Thomas Mione).
Figure 10. Jaltomata incahuasina. Two unripe fruits having persistent styles (photo by Segundo Leiva G., year 2011).
Figure 11. Jaltomata incahuasina. Ripe fruit (Units on right edge are mm, Mione et al. 816, Peru Department Lambayeque, photo by Thomas Mione).
Figure 12. Jaltomata incahuasina. Calyx over ripe fruit (numered units are cm, smallest units are mm, Mione et al. 807, Peru Department Piura, photo by Thomas Mione).
Figure 13. Jaltomata incahuasina. Two unripe fruits with persistent styles (photo by Segundo Leiva G., year 2011).
Figure 14. Jaltomata incahuasina. Flowers were pulled open longitudinally to reveal style meeting ovary and disk around base of ovary, and ventral view of anthers. (Mione et al. 807, Peru Department Piura, Photo by Thomas Mione)
Figure 15. Jaltomata incahuasina. Stem. (Mione et al. 807, units are mm, photo by Thomas Mione)
 
Figure 16. Figure 17. Stamen attached to base of corolla. Filaments are hairy only on the expanded base. The anther showing dehisced prior to preservation in ethanol. Units vertically on left are mm. Mione et al. 816, Department Lambayeque, photo by Thomas Mione after flower was preserved in 70% ethanol for years.
Figure 18. A delightful young woman we met was carrying at the same time her baby and the log (showing behind her) for fire wood! (Department Lambayeque, Peru; photo by Thomas Mione).
Figure 19. The females dress with brighly colored attire as a normal part of their culture (there were no tourists where we were plant collecting at high elevation in Department Lambayeque). Photo by Leon Yacher.

 

Comment from Dr. Michael O. Dillon

In March of 2014 T. M. corresponded with Michael O. Dillon, informing him that the locality information on his herbarium specimen allowed Segundo Leiva G., Leon Yacher and myself (T.M.) to track down this species. Dr. Dillon, in a return correspondence, wrote in March of 2014:

"I remember that trip [in 1984] because we were threatened by the Sendero Luminoso! We had to backpack in, slept in the abandoned police station in Incahuasi, and eventually told to get out of town, or else..... "Yankee Go Home!"... pretty scary, but we did collect many new species in that area. It was the "school teachers" that interrogated us, the husband in the same room with us, but his wife kept her face a secret by conducting her questions from behind a curtain... we never saw her. The other fellow [with whom I was traveling], Skillman, had a revolver and he slept with the revolver in his hand. I don't think he actually slept while we were there. Ha!